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Purpose Contact lens–induced discomfort (CLD) remains a primary factor in discontinuation or prevention of contact lens wear. Thus, we investigated the role of ocular surface immune cells in subjects with CLD. Methods Habitual contact lens (CL) wearers with CLD ( n = 19; 38 eyes) and without CLD ( n = 21; 42 eyes) as determined by the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 was included in a trial. Enrolled subjects used either of the two types of CL (designated as CL-A or CL-D). Ocular surface cells from the bulbar conjunctiva were obtained by impression cytology. The collected cells were phenotyped using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies specific for leukocytes (CD45 + ), neutrophils (CD66b +,High,Low ), macrophages (CD163 + ), T cells (CD3 + CD4 + , CD3 + CD8 + ), natural killer (NK) cells (CD56 +, High, Low ), natural killer T (NKT) cells (CD3 + CD56 + ), and gamma delta T (γδT) cells (CD3 + γδTCR + ) by flow cytometry. Further, corneal dendritic cell density (cDCD) was also determined using in vivo confocal microscopy. Results Significantly higher proportions of CD45 + cells were observed in subjects with CLD compared to those without CLD. The percentages of CD66b Total,Low , CD163 + , pan T cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, CD56 Total,High,Low (NK) cells, and NKT cells, as well as the CD4/CD8 ratio, were significantly higher in CLD subjects. The proportion of T cells (CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 ratio, NKT cells) and macrophages exhibited a direct association with discomfort score. The percentages of CD45 + , CD66b Total,Low , CD163 + , CD3 + , CD56 Total,High,Low , and NKT cells and cDCD were significantly higher in CLD subjects wearing CL-D. The percentages of CD66b High , CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, NKT cells, and CD4/CD8 ratio were significantly higher in CLD subjects wearing CL-A. Conclusions Increased proportions of ocular surface immune cells are observed in CLD, and the lens type could impact the immune cells associated with CLD. Translational Relevance The association between the proportion of altered ocular surface immune cell subsets and contact lens–induced discomfort underpins the importance of considering immune-related aspects ...
Purpose Contact lens–induced discomfort (CLD) remains a primary factor in discontinuation or prevention of contact lens wear. Thus, we investigated the role of ocular surface immune cells in subjects with CLD. Methods Habitual contact lens (CL) wearers with CLD ( n = 19; 38 eyes) and without CLD ( n = 21; 42 eyes) as determined by the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 was included in a trial. Enrolled subjects used either of the two types of CL (designated as CL-A or CL-D). Ocular surface cells from the bulbar conjunctiva were obtained by impression cytology. The collected cells were phenotyped using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies specific for leukocytes (CD45 + ), neutrophils (CD66b +,High,Low ), macrophages (CD163 + ), T cells (CD3 + CD4 + , CD3 + CD8 + ), natural killer (NK) cells (CD56 +, High, Low ), natural killer T (NKT) cells (CD3 + CD56 + ), and gamma delta T (γδT) cells (CD3 + γδTCR + ) by flow cytometry. Further, corneal dendritic cell density (cDCD) was also determined using in vivo confocal microscopy. Results Significantly higher proportions of CD45 + cells were observed in subjects with CLD compared to those without CLD. The percentages of CD66b Total,Low , CD163 + , pan T cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, CD56 Total,High,Low (NK) cells, and NKT cells, as well as the CD4/CD8 ratio, were significantly higher in CLD subjects. The proportion of T cells (CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 ratio, NKT cells) and macrophages exhibited a direct association with discomfort score. The percentages of CD45 + , CD66b Total,Low , CD163 + , CD3 + , CD56 Total,High,Low , and NKT cells and cDCD were significantly higher in CLD subjects wearing CL-D. The percentages of CD66b High , CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, NKT cells, and CD4/CD8 ratio were significantly higher in CLD subjects wearing CL-A. Conclusions Increased proportions of ocular surface immune cells are observed in CLD, and the lens type could impact the immune cells associated with CLD. Translational Relevance The association between the proportion of altered ocular surface immune cell subsets and contact lens–induced discomfort underpins the importance of considering immune-related aspects ...
Neurotropism of herpetic viral infection is attributable to a wide range of its clinical manifestations. Theobjective of the present study was to elucidate the specific features of the damage to the trigeminal nerve associated with this condition. A total of 36 patients presenting with trigeminal nerve neuropathycaused by type 1 herpes simplex infection and 21 patients with trigeminal nerve neuropathy due to Herpes zoster oticus infection were available for the examination and etiopathogenetic treatment. The traditional clinical methods used in the study were supplemented by virological diagnostics for the verification of herpetic infection and theelectroneurographic technique. The apparent clinical recovery was documented for 23 and 11 patients of the former and latter groups respectively.
Large animal models of spinal cord injury may be useful tools in facilitating the development of translational therapies for spinal cord injury (SCI). Porcine models of SCI are of particular interest due to significant anatomic and physiologic similarities to humans. The similar size and functional organization of the porcine spinal cord, for instance, may facilitate more accurate evaluation of axonal regeneration across long distances that more closely resemble the realities of clinical SCI. Furthermore, the porcine cardiovascular system closely resembles that of humans, including at the level of the spinal cord vascular supply. These anatomic and physiologic similarities to humans not only enable more representative SCI models with the ability to accurately evaluate the translational potential of novel therapies, especially biologics, they also facilitate the collection of physiologic data to assess response to therapy in a setting similar to those used in the clinical management of SCI. This review summarizes the current landscape of porcine spinal cord injury research, including the available models, outcome measures, and the strengths, limitations, and alternatives to porcine models. As the number of investigational SCI therapies grow, porcine SCI models provide an attractive platform for the evaluation of promising treatments prior to clinical translation.
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