Translational products of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Bench to bedside applications

Abstract

With developments in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the use of biological products for the treatment of various disorders has come into the limelight among researchers and clinicians. Among all the available biological tissues, research and exploration of adipose tissue have become more robust. Adipose tissue engineering aims to develop by-products and their substitutes for their regenerative and immunomodulatory potential. The use of biodegradable scaffolds along with adipose tissue products has a major role in cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Adipose tissue, apart from being the powerhouse of energy storage, also functions as the largest endocrine organ, with the release of various adipokines. The progenitor cells among the heterogeneous population in the adipose tissue are of paramount importance as they determine the capacity of regeneration of these tissues. The results of adipose-derived stem-cell assisted fat grafting to provide numerous growth factors and adipokines that improve vasculogenesis, fat graft integration, and survival within the recipient tissue and promote the regeneration of tissue are promising. Adipose tissue gives rise to various by-products upon processing. This article highlights the significance and the usage of various adipose tissue by-products, their individual characteristics, and their clinical applications.

Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives in common skin inflammatory diseases: Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis

“…Among various resources of MSCs, AD-MSCs have become one of the most attractive therapies because of their easy way to harvest, few ethical concerns, and most importantly their secreting capacity of numerous growth factors and adipokines to assist tissue survival ( 48 ). In AD, intravenous administration of human AD-MSC in mice (2 × 10 5 or 2 × 10 6 cells/200 μL normal saline) can alleviate allergic inflammation which includes decreasing the number of degranulated mast cells (MCs), IgE level, amount of histamine released, and prostaglandin E2 level; inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; increasing the expression of Th1 and Th2 cells; and promoting the expression of regulatory T (Treg) cells ( 49 ).…”

Autologous Adipose-Derived Tissue Stromal Vascular Fraction (AD-tSVF) for Knee Osteoarthritis

“…Both prolonged storage time and increased temperature during lipoaspirate storage negatively affected the quality of the obtained SVF. The results suggest that lipoaspirate should be stored for no longer than 24 h at 4 °C to maintain the optimal quality for the isolation of SVF and the expansion of ASCs [ 105 , 106 ].…”

Micro-fragmented and nanofat adipose tissue derivatives: In vitro qualitative and quantitative analysis

“…AT is now considered an endocrine organ capable of releasing several adipokines and is characterized by a complex biology related to the interactions between lipid-rich adipocytes and a heterogeneous population of cells composing the stromal vascular fraction (SVF). Indeed, the SVF includes preadipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, resident monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, and adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) ( Yoshimura et al, 2009 ; Sharma et al, 2021 ). ASCs are characterized by a high regenerative potential as reported in pre-clinical studies as well as in several clinical trials on bone and cartilage regeneration and treatment of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurological disorders ( Nguyen et al, 2016 ; Macrin et al, 2017 ; Bateman et al, 2018 ; Andia et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Interestingly, lipoaspirated AT and its ASC-rich tissue-derivatives (mainly SVF) have promoted the development of several fragmentation techniques able to reduce fat processing time to obtain ASC-rich grafts through single-session surgical procedures. These devices mainly process the AT mechanically, non-enzymatically and enzymatically, and can be performed right at the patient’s bedside ( Sharma et al, 2021 ). Nevertheless, differences in AT processing and resulting grafts lead to different products with diverse characteristics which could affect their application and outcomes in various clinical scenarios.…”