Translational Control during Early Development

Stebbins-Boaz, Barbara; Richter, Joel D.

doi:10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v7.i1-2.50

Cited by 66 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…This mechanism is distinct from the regulation of 'masked' maternal mRNAs, for genes such as Drosophila bicoid (bcd) and Toll (Tl), which are quiescent until egg activation triggers polyA tail extension and enables their translation (Stebbins-Boaz and Richter, 1997;Tadros and Lipshitz, 2005). Transcripts for sfl lack consensus sites for cytoplasmic polyadenylation, and we do not detect an increase in ttv polyA tail length in activated eggs using polyA test (PAT) assays (D.J.B., unpublished).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

A translational block to HSPG synthesis permits BMP signaling in the earlyDrosophilaembryo

et al. 2008

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*Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are extracellular macromolecules found on virtually every cell type in eumetazoans. HSPGs are composed of a core protein covalently linked to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sugar chains that bind and modulate the signaling efficiency of many ligands, including Hedgehog (Hh), Wingless (Wg) and Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Here, we show that, in Drosophila, loss of HSPGs differentially affects embryonic Hh, Wg and BMP signaling. We find that a stage-specific block to GAG synthesis prevents HSPG expression during establishment of the BMP activity gradient that is crucial for dorsal embryonic patterning. Subsequently, GAG synthesis is initiated coincident with the onset of Hh and Wg signaling which require HSPGs. This temporal regulation is achieved by the translational control of HSPG synthetic enzymes through internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs). IRES-like features are conserved in GAG enzyme transcripts from diverse organisms, suggesting that this represents a novel evolutionarily conserved mechanism for regulating GAG synthesis and modulating growth factor activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

A translational block to HSPG synthesis permits BMP signaling in the earlyDrosophilaembryo

et al. 2008

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“…This expression in the testes and ovarian nurse cells is part of a more complex pattern of expression in both the female and male reproductive systems (B. Andruss, S. Meller, and D.A.K., unpublished observations). The general expression of Thor and in particular the expression in the ovaries, in which there are intricate systems of translational regulation (17), are consistent with the role of Thor as a 4E-BP, but the role of a 4E-BP in the immune response is not consistent with or predicted by current views in immunity. Two important Test for eIF4E Immune Induction.…”

Section: Molecular Identification and Expression Of Thormentioning

confidence: 69%

Drosophila Thor participates in host immune defense and connects a translational regulator with innate immunity

Bernal

Kimbrell

2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

139

123

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Thor has been identified as a new type of gene involved in Drosophila host immune defense. Thor is a member of the 4E-binding protein (4E-BP) family, which in mammals has been defined as critical regulators in a pathway that controls initiation of translation through binding eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). Without an infection, Thor is expressed during all developmental stages and transcripts localize to a wide variety of tissues, including the reproductive system. In response to bacterial infection and, to a lesser extent, by wounding, Thor is up-regulated. The Thor promoter has the canonical NF B and associated GATA recognition sequences that have been shown to be essential for immune induction, as well as other sequences commonly found for Drosophila immune response genes, including interferon-related regulatory sequences. In survival tests, Thor mutants show symptoms of being immune compromised, indicating that Thor may be critical in host defense. In contrast to Thor, Drosophila eIF4E is not induced by bacterial infection. These findings for Thor provide the first evidence that a 4E-BP family member has a role in immune induction in any organism. Further, no gene in the translation initiation pathway that includes 4E-BP has been previously found to be immune induced. Our results suggest either a role for translational regulation in humoral immunity or a new, nontranslational function for 4E-BP type genes.

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“…In general, mRNAs that are synthesized and sequestered in masked form encode proteins whose functions help determine differentiated states of gene expression in somatic cells (73,83). The fact that the XPc1 cDNA contains a large (ϳ2.9-kb) 3Ј untranslated region (3Ј UTR) and the presence of a long U tract (37 bases) in the 3Ј UTR led us to examine whether XPc1 is a maternal mRNA that is masked in the oocyte and translationally activated late in development (72). We found that the XPc1 mRNA in Xenopus oocytes is exclusively associated with the translationally inactive storage mRNPs ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional Repression by XPc1, a New Polycomb Homolog in Xenopus laevis Embryos, Is Independent of Histone Deacetylase

Strouboulis

Damjanovski

Vermaak

et al. 1999

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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The Polycomb group (Pc-G) genes encode proteins that assemble into complexes implicated in the epigenetic maintenance of heritable patterns of expression of developmental genes, a function largely conserved from Drosophila to mammals and plants. The Pc-G is thought to act at the chromatin level to silence expression of target genes; however, little is known about the molecular basis of this repression. In keeping with the evidence that Pc-G homologs in higher vertebrates exist in related pairs, we report here the isolation of XPc1, a second Polycomb homolog in Xenopus laevis. We show that XPc1 message is maternally deposited in a translationally masked form in Xenopus oocytes, with XPc1 protein first appearing in embryonic nuclei shortly after the blastula stage. XPc1 acts as a transcriptional repressor in vivo when tethered to a promoter in Xenopus embryos. We find that XPc1-mediated repression can be only partially alleviated by an increase in transcription factor dosage and that inhibition of deacetylase activity by trichostatin A treatment has no effect on XPc1 repression, suggesting that histone deacetylation does not form the basis for Pc-G-mediated repression in our assay.

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Translational Control during Early Development

Cited by 66 publications

References 0 publications

A translational block to HSPG synthesis permits BMP signaling in the earlyDrosophilaembryo

A translational block to HSPG synthesis permits BMP signaling in the earlyDrosophilaembryo

Drosophila Thor participates in host immune defense and connects a translational regulator with innate immunity

Transcriptional Repression by XPc1, a New Polycomb Homolog in Xenopus laevis Embryos, Is Independent of Histone Deacetylase

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