Translation and Validation of the Spanish Movement Imagery Questionnaire Revised Second Version (MIQ‐RS)

Abstract

Background: Motor imagery, which emphasizes mental rehearsal of motor skills to improve function, is frequently used in clinical practice. Because of its increasing use, reliable and valid tools are necessary to evaluate motor imagery abilities. However, there are few questionnaires translated and validated into Spanish language. Objective: To translate, transculturally adapt, and validate the Spanish version of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised Second Version (MIQ-RS). Design: A single-center observational study. Setting: University community. Participants: One hundred fifty-five healthy participants were recruited. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Spanish translation of the MIQ-RS and psychometric performances of the questionnaire were tested using concurrent-criterion and content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and test-rest reliability. Internal consistency, concurrent-criterion validity, construct validity, and test-rest reliability were assessed with Cronbach´s alpha, Spearman´s correlation coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Results: Results showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.90), test-retest reliability (ICC for visual items = 0.844 and for kinesthetic items = 0.70) and content and criterion-concurrent validity (Spearman´s correlation coefficient for visual items, 0.60 and for kinesthetic items, 0.81) of the MIQ-RS Spanish version. The two-factor structure was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Statistically significant gender differences were observed in mean kinesthetic motor imagery scores and in mean visual motor imagery scores according to sports practice. No significant differences for gender, age, and sports, musical, and dance practice were reported. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the MIQ-RS is a valid and reliable tool to assess motor imagery abilities in healthy young people.

Reliability and validity of the Japanese movement imagery questionnaire-revised second version

“…Moreover, internal consistency was assessed by estimating the standardized Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, which is generally considered acceptable with a coefficient > 0.7, good at a minimum of 0.8, and excellent when superior to 0.9 [ 11 ]. Our results were similar to those reported in previous studies [ 11 , 18 , 19 ], and the present results indicate that the Japanese version of MIQ-RS has high reliability as an index for assessing motor imagery ability.…”

“…The MIQ-RS scores in this study were higher for visual imagery than that for kinesthetic imagery. Higher scores for visual imagery than kinesthetic imagery was also observed in the English, Spanish, and French versions of the MIQ-RS [ 5 , 11 , 18 , 19 ], which may be due to attentional focus superiority. Sakurada et al reported that individuals with visual imagery predominance are more likely to focus their attention on the external body, while individuals with kinesthetic imagery predominance are more likely to focus on the internal body [ 26 , 27 ].…”

“…The mean MIQ-RS values for the visual imagery, kinesthetic imagery, and total scores in this study were 40.20, 32.35, and 72.55, respectively. The visual imagery, kinesthetic imagery, and total scores for the MIQ-RS Spanish version in healthy individuals were 39.61, 36.08, and 75.69, respectively [ 18 ]. Furthermore, the results of this study were similar to those of the English and French versions of MIQ-RS in healthy participants [ 5 , 11 , 19 ].…”

“…Based on previous studies, the reference values are as follows: Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the MIQ-RS are 0.88 for visual and 0.88 for kinesthetic imagery [18]. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between each visual and kinesthetic imagery scores on the MIQ-RS and KVIQ-10 (r = 0.77; r = 0.86, respectively) [11].…”

“…Consequently, the MIQ-RS has been applied to the assessment of motor imagery ability in patients with stroke [11][12][13], traumatic brain injury [14], and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [15], as well as in studies of athletes [16] and the brain-computer interface [17]. Furthermore, the MIQ-RS has been translated into Spanish [18] and French [19]; its reliability and validity have been verified. However, the MIQ-RS has not been translated into Japanese, and its reliability and validity have not been investigated.…”