Translation and validation of the Malay version of Shiffman-Jarvik withdrawal scale and cessation self-efficacy questionnaire: a review of psychometric properties

Abstract

BackgroundSmoking tobacco is a major concern in Malaysia, with 23.1% of Malaysian adults smoking tobacco in 2012. Withdrawal symptoms and self-efficacy to quit smoking have been shown to have significant effects on the outcomes of smoking cessation. The Shiffman-Jarvik Withdrawal Scale (Psychopharmacology, 50: 35-39, 1976) and the Cessation Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Cognitive Ther Res 5: 175-187, 1981) are two questionnaires that have been widely used in various smoking cessation research. The short SJWS consists of 15 items with five subscales: physical symptoms, psychological symptoms, stimulation/sedation, appetite, and cravings. The CSEQ is a 12-item questionnaire that assesses participant’s self-efficacy to avoid smoking in various situations described in each item. The aim of this study was to translate and validate the Malay language version of the SJWS and the CSEQ.MethodsThe SJWS and CSEQ were translated into the Malay language based on the back translation method. A total of 146 participants (25.08 ± 5.19 years) answered the translated questionnaires. Psychometrics properties such as reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) and validity (content validity, construct validity and face validity) were examined.ResultsBoth questionnaires showed acceptable internal consistency; SJWS-M (α = 0.66) and CSEQ-M (α = 0.90) and good test-retest reliability; SJWS-M (r = 0.76) and the CSEQ-M (r = 0.80). SJWS-M (χ2 = 15.964, GFI = 0.979, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = 0.000, ChiSq/df = 0.939, AGFI = 0.933, TLI = 1.004, and NPI = 0.978) and CSEQ-M (of χ2 = 35.16, GFI = 0.960, CFI = 0.999, RMSEA = 0.015, ChiSq/df = 1.034, AGFI = 0.908, TLI = 0.999, and NPI = 0.979) also showed good construct validity. Both questionnaires showed sufficient item to item convergent validity and item discriminant validity. Content validity was established (reassess) by experts in the field of psychology, culture and language whereas face validity was confirmed by smokers.ConclusionsThe translated Malay version of the CSEQ-M and the SJWS-M showed great reliability and validity evidences therefore is an adequate and useful instrument to evaluate Malaysian smokers. Future studies could investigate differences in self-esteem between long-term and short-term smokers and evaluate the usability of these questionnaires in local smoking research and other Malay speaking countries (Brunei and Indonesia).

Development and Validation of Positive Smoker Identity Questionnaire (PSmoQi): A New Instrument for Smoking Cessation Correlates

“…The CSEQ was a 12-item questionnaire which assessed participants’ self-efficacy to avoid smoking in various situations described in each item. The translated Malay version of this questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90 and good test–retest reliability ( r = 0.80) over 2 weeks [45]. CSEQ scores ranged from 12 to 60.…”

The Impacts of Supervised Exercise Intervention on Tobacco Withdrawal Symptoms

“…The demographic characteristics included age, occupation, smoking history, current smoking habits, and the relevant instruments. TWS was assessed using the validated Malay version of the Shiffman and Jarvick Withdrawal Scale (SJWS-M) 50 that consisted of five-factor categories, ie craving (5 items), psychological symptoms (5 items), physical symptoms (3 items), sedation (1 item), and appetite (1 item) evaluated on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from “very definitely” to “very definitely not”. The Malay version showed good internal consistency with Cronbach alpha value ranging from .66 to .79 for each factor.…”

Validation of the Malay-Translated Expectancy Value Model Questionnaire and Multi-Dimensional Sportspersonship Orientations Scale Among Malaysian Adolescence Field Hockey Players

“…The Brislin's back translation procedure was carried out because many researchers considered this procedure as the choice method in translating cross cultural research instruments (Brislin, 1970;Teo, Lee, Khoo, & Morris, 2015).…”

“…The researcher team then gathered all three translated versions, reviewed, compared and edited by research team to produce a draft Malay version questionnaire. Then, the second group of bilingual translators consists of two professional translators back translated the agreed upon draft Malay version back to English independently without referring to the original version (Teo et al, 2015).…”

“…The final Malay versions were subsequently tested for face validity. After the confirmation, the Malay version of both the questionnaires was distributed to the participants to collect evidence of reliability and validity evidence (Brislin, 1970;Teo et al, 2015).…”