Teaching history can mean balancing various tasks, from fostering national identity to enhancing critical thinking. In spite of the importance of the topic, there are few comparative studies of the aims of teaching history, even in Europe. Domain-specific epistemic beliefs are relevant for understanding the teaching and learning of history and the development of deliberative thought. We studied epistemic beliefs in the context of the general aims of teaching history. The respondents were 633 history teachers from ten countries. They rated the importance of 12 specified teaching aims, such as learning critical thinking, acquiring knowledge, developing patriotism, developing a personal identity. The epistemic beliefs were studied by asking how much the teachers agreed with four claims, such as historical truth is always tied to a perspective. Three meaningful clusters of teaching aims were identified. The clusters were named critical thinking and development; moral virtues and patriotism; and historical consciousness. History teachers in ten countries were classified within these clusters. There were significant differences among the clusters in the means of three epistemic beliefs. The results are discussed in the contexts of the countries studied.