“…There is also attention to the causal role of ideas, discourses and knowledge in the policy process. Scholars have, for example, documented the existence and effects on policy developments of gendered assumptions about childcare work (L. Pasolli, 2015; White and Prentice, 2016; White, 2017) and elder care (Scala et al, 2019), norms of universality in social welfare (Béland et al, 2014, 2019; Béland, Marchildon et al, 2021), paradigms of social assistance in provincial social assistance reforms (Daigneault, 2015), norms of legitimate conjugal (family) relationships on refugee determination, immigration and citizenship policies (Gaucher, 2018), assumptions about what constitutes authoritative knowledge in the regulation of assisted reproduction technologies (Scala, 2019) and the development of many provincial early childhood education and care policies (Prentice and White, 2019), and media framing of biofuels policies (Bognar et al, 2020). These examples show the policy process to be a tug-of-war of rival normative and cognitive policy ideas whose influence is bounded by institutional rules and cultural norms.…”