Transitions to regular smoking and to nicotine dependence in women using cannabis

Agrawal, Arpana; Madden, Pamela A. F.; Bucholz, Kathleen K.; Heath, Andrew C.; Lynskey, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.12.017

Cited by 91 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Knowledge about how cannabis always includes tobacco seems to be in line with the 'reverse gateway' hypothesis [10,21] according to which exposure to nicotine through cannabis consumption is a risk for nicotine dependence. Therefore, the ways of consumption, the gestures accompanying each substance, the inhalation of smoke and the presence of nicotine for both substance uses correspond and hence create a co-consumption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Cannabis and tobacco use: where are the boundaries? A qualitative study on cannabis consumption modes among adolescents

Akré

Michaud

Berchtold

et al. 2009

Health Education Research

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The purpose of this article is to identify tobacco and cannabis co-consumptions and consumers' perceptions of each substance. A qualitative research including 22 youths (14 males) aged 15-21 years in seven individual interviews and five focus groups. Discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim and transferred to Atlas.ti software for narrative analysis. The main consumption mode is cannabis cigarettes which always mix cannabis and tobacco. Participants perceive cannabis much more positively than tobacco, which is considered unnatural, harmful and addictive. Future consumption forecasts thus more often exclude tobacco smoking than cannabis consumption. A substitution phenomenon often takes place between both substances. Given the co-consumption of tobacco and cannabis, in helping youths quit or decrease their consumptions, both substances should be taken into account in a global approach. Cannabis consumers should be made aware of their tobacco use while consuming cannabis and the risk of inducing nicotine addiction through cannabis use, despite the perceived disconnect between the two substances. Prevention programs should correct made-up ideas about cannabis consumption and convey a clear message about its harmful consequences. Our findings support the growing evidence which suggests that nicotine dependence and cigarette smoking may be induced by cannabis consumption.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Cannabis and tobacco use: where are the boundaries? A qualitative study on cannabis consumption modes among adolescents

Akré

Michaud

Berchtold

et al. 2009

Health Education Research

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“…A commonfactor model -in which users progress from one drug to another because of a general susceptibility to drug dependence-could potentially explain the progression from one drug to another as different drugs become available (MacCoun, 1998(MacCoun, , 2006Morall et al, 2002;Tarter et al, 2006;Vanyukov et al, 2012). However, there is epidemiological evidence for gateway effects even when such factors are controlled (Agrawal et al, 2008;Fergusson et al, 2006), and findings with animal models support the possibility that exposure to cannabis can alter the abuserelated effects of other drugs (Cadoni et al, 2001;Ellgren et al, 2007;Panlilio et al, 2007;Solinas et al, 2004). Since there is evidence for both common-factor effects and lasting effects of drug exposure per se, and since these explanations are not mutually exclusive, it seems likely that both types of effect can occur and that they may in fact build upon each other.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, an increased risk of tobacco dependence might be the most important health consequence of cannabis use (Agrawal et al, 2008;Patton et al, 2005). Therefore, it is important to determine whether cannabis exposure per se can increase the addictive effects of nicotine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prior Exposure to THC Increases the Addictive Effects of Nicotine in Rats

Panlilio

Zanettini

Barnes

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Although it is more common for drug abuse to progress from tobacco to cannabis, in many cases cannabis use develops before tobacco use. Epidemiological evidence indicates that prior cannabis use increases the likelihood of becoming dependent on tobacco. To determine whether this effect might be due to cannabis exposure per se, in addition to any genetic, social, or environmental factors that might contribute, we extended our series of studies on 'gateway drug' effects in animal models of drug abuse. Rats were exposed to THC, the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, for 3 days (two intraperitoneal injections/day). Then, starting 1 week later, they were allowed to self-administer nicotine intravenously. THC exposure increased the likelihood of acquiring the nicotine selfadministration response from 65% in vehicle-exposed rats to 94% in THC-exposed rats. When the price of nicotine was manipulated by increasing the response requirement, THC-exposed rats maintained higher levels of intake than vehicle-exposed rats, indicating that THC exposure increased the value of nicotine reward. These results contrast sharply with our earlier findings that prior THC exposure did not increase the likelihood of rats acquiring either heroin or cocaine self-administration, nor did it increase the reward value of these drugs. The findings obtained here suggest that a history of cannabis exposure might have lasting effects that increase the risk of becoming addicted to nicotine.

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“…One study demonstrated that young adults ages 18-25 are 10 times more likely to have ever used marijuana if they also have a history of smoking cigarettes (Lai et al, 2000). Research also documents a reverse gateway effect, whereby those who smoke marijuana in early young adulthood are more likely to initiate tobacco use and to have a greater likelihood of developing nicotine dependence than their nonsmoking peers (Agrawal et al, 2008;Behrendt et al, 2009;Okoli et al, 2008;Timberlake et al, 2007;Tullis et al, 2003). Those who go on to have problems with the use of illicit drugs, including but not limited to marijuana, are more likely to be heavy smokers, to be nicotine dependent, and to experience greater diffi culty with quitting smoking (e.g., Richter et al, 2002).…”

Section: Association Between Tobacco and Marijuana Use In Young Adultmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marijuana and Tobacco Co-Use in Young Adults: Patterns and Thoughts About Use

Ramo

Delucchi

Hall

et al. 2013

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective:We examined the frequency and intensity of tobacco use and thoughts about abstinence among young adults in the United States as a function of their use of marijuana. We hypothesized that heavier marijuana use would be associated with heavier tobacco use and fewer attempts to quit smoking, and we explored relationships between marijuana use and ratings of intentions and thoughts related to quitting tobacco. Method: This was a cross-sectional survey consisting of online recruitment and anonymous self-report. Participants were English literate, were between the ages of 18 and 25 years, and reported past-month tobacco use. More than half (53%) had smoked marijuana in the past 30 days. Tobacco use (quantity/frequency, Heavy Smoking Index, past-year quit attempt), thoughts about tobacco use (outcome expectancies, desire, self-effi cacy, diffi culty of quitting, abstinence goal, pros and cons, stage of change), alcohol use, and other drug use were assessed. Results: Compared with those who smoked only tobacco, cousers were younger and had smoked for fewer years; had higher household income; were more likely to be male, multiethnic, and nondaily smokers; and reported greater alcohol and other drug use. The variable of days using marijuana in the past 30 days was associated with multiple measures of tobacco use intensity/frequency. Only one association was signifi cant between marijuana use and tobacco-related cognitions: Cousers had a lower likelihood of planning to quit tobacco for good (odds ratio = 0.75, 95% CI [0.58, 0.98]). Conclusions: Findings support the association between tobacco and marijuana use among young people but speak to the importance of addressing tobacco cognitions in young adult smokers regardless of level of marijuana use. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 74, 301-310, 2013)

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Transitions to regular smoking and to nicotine dependence in women using cannabis

Cited by 91 publications

References 24 publications

Cannabis and tobacco use: where are the boundaries? A qualitative study on cannabis consumption modes among adolescents

Cannabis and tobacco use: where are the boundaries? A qualitative study on cannabis consumption modes among adolescents

Prior Exposure to THC Increases the Addictive Effects of Nicotine in Rats

Marijuana and Tobacco Co-Use in Young Adults: Patterns and Thoughts About Use

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