Transitions theory in operation of electrical installations

Abstract

In the operation of electrical installations risk assessment evaluates hazards and conflicts. A kinematics analogy for analyzing risk of “collisions” offers a new approach for operational procedures and allows introduction of a “transitions” theory for intersections. The architecture of electrical installations can be configured in increasing complexity related to its exigencies, taking actions on the sources and on the configuration. Analogies between the operation of highway intersections of multiple traffic lanes and the operation of nodes of electrical power systems are proposed as offering an equivalent well-known way for examining constraints in the transitions, for facilitating the understanding of the mathematical description and suggesting new approaches and new methodologies for solutions. The paper describes the special configuration of the node “double two”, constituted by two automatic transfer systems (ATS's) connectible in parallel

A New Summary on the IEC Protection Against Electric Shock

“…For analyzing and assessing the hazard of an electric shock, the author suggests an approach in analogy with the study of the collisions of masses and the "intersections" theory [8]- [10]. Considering that the conventional IEC standard [1] highlights time as a basic safety parameter for each class of U 0 and for each type of system grounding, the suggested approach proposes to analyze the components of electric hazard as waves evolving in time and examines their intersections.…”

“…d) Determine GPR U G . e) If the GPR is below the permissible touch voltage U LtHV and the requirements in Table I are met, the design is complete [a quality threshold is the suggested (10)].…”

Electrical Distribution for a Reliable Data Center

“…Each UPS supplies a general SWB that, in the data center architecture assumed as reference (Fig. 1) [11], [12], consists of a main section and more derived independent S sections on which periodic maintenances without loss service continuity are allowed because of the dual-corded equipment. The SWB design needs to plan the load balancing and the future expansion and rehabilitation of the distribution (road map).…”

“…To ensure the synchronism during the phase transition in a cautious way, a local mobile online UPS can be used as a synchronizing "shuttle" (by nine steps in Fig. 7) [10], [11]. In fact, the UPS can be synchronized on the phase (s) of one of the supplying circuit pairs in the starting situation (Fig.…”

“…The electrical service continuity guaranteed by source reliability and by power system integrity requests the distribution systems to evolve from the traditional vertically operated power system into a horizontally operated power system [11].…”