Transitional ordering in reduced graphene oxide nanomaterials

Electroanalytical Study of Fungicide Bixafen on Paste Electrode Based on the Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Synthesized in Air Conditions and its Determination in River Water Samples

“…Due to the hydrophobic nature of graphene, hydrophilic graphene derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), have been more extensively used in the development of electrochemical sensors. RGO and GO have a similar structure to graphene [22,23], though, in contrary to graphene, they contain residual oxygen-containing groups and have some structural defects, predominantly in the basal plane [24,25]; however, their performance is satisfactory enough to be utilized for practical applications [23,26]. When comparing the properties of graphene with GO and RGO, the latter behaves as an intermediate state between graphene and GO [23].…”

“…Until now, different ways and techniques have been developed to obtain RGO [26,28]. Reduction of GO to produce RGO with a smaller amount of functional groups containing oxygen compared to GO and with features more similar to those of the pristine graphene [22,23,26] can be performed either by wet chemical methods [29] or thermal treatment in inert or reductive atmosphere [30].…”

“…Until now, different ways and techniques have been developed to obtain RGO [26,28]. Reduction of GO to produce RGO with a smaller amount of functional groups containing oxygen compared to GO and with features more similar to those of the pristine graphene [22,23,26] can be performed either by wet chemical methods [29] or thermal treatment in inert or reductive atmosphere [30]. However, the chemically reduced GO (CRGO) usually requires toxic and strongly reducing agents, e. g., hydrazine, sodium borohydride, which causes a strong agglomeration of the hydrophobic graphene flakes [31] with a significant number of impurities and structural disorders, which may have a strong impact on the quality and properties of RGO, including conductivity and electrochemical activity [28,30].…”