Transition of cellulose crystalline structure in biodegradable mixtures of renewably-sourced levulinate alkyl ammonium ionic liquids, γ-valerolactone and water

Abstract

Here we report the dissolution of cellulose in technical grade and renewably sourced-ILs.

Fabrication of regenerated cellulose nanoparticles by mechanical disintegration of cellulose after dissolution and regeneration from a deep eutectic solvent

“…These observations are in line with previous studies in which cellulose was dissolved in ionic liquids. [54][55][56] RCNPs were produced from the regenerated cellulose using mechanical disintegration with a microuidizer. Aer a 1% suspension of the regenerated cellulose was passed through the chambers of the microuidizer, a highly transparent solution was obtained.…”

Biodegradation of ionic liquids – a critical review

“…such as those employed by Ferlin et al 71 and Jérôme et al 72 can be shown to promote biodegradability. such as those employed by Ferlin et al 71 and Jérôme et al 72 can be shown to promote biodegradability.…”

“…72 Finally the amino diol and triol examples (161-167) 69 also have high levels of biodegradability (OECD 301F) when simple carboxylic acid anions such as acetate, propanoate, isopropanoate, butanoate and pentanoate feature. 72 Finally the amino diol and triol examples (161-167) 69 also have high levels of biodegradability (OECD 301F) when simple carboxylic acid anions such as acetate, propanoate, isopropanoate, butanoate and pentanoate feature.…”

“…This modification, in stark contrast to other tetraalkyl ammonium salts, significantly increases the biodegradability (OECD 301F) of the QAC's, but only when paired with a biodegradable organic anion. 72 Unfortunately the same effect of promoting biodegradation (OECD 301D) through the use of an organic anion is not apparent for the symmetrical tetraalkylammonium cations (56)(57)(58)(59) Fig. 49, gave 5% biodegradation after 28 days, however changing to the acetate (175) lead to 77% biodegradation after 28 days, a dramatic overall increase.…”

Cellulose II as bioethanol feedstock and its advantages over native cellulose

“…This is because of the increased inter-planar spacing (d-spacing) created due the presence of two water molecules per two chain unit cell of cellulose II hydrate [32,33]. The increased d-spacing is also due to the weakening of the hydrophobic bonds (van der Waals interaction) thereby increasing the hydrophilicity [20,32,34]. In contrast to cellulose I, cellulose II has its glucopyranose rings stacked with each other by hydrophobic interactions along the (1 -1 0) plane, thereby resulting in an increased density of hydroxyl groups on the surface leading to increased hydrophilicity [20].…”