Transition Metal Oxide Anodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage in Lithium‐ and Sodium‐Ion Batteries*

Abstract

to achieve further improved performance. As a result, the energy density of LIBs has continuously increased at a rate of 7-8 Wh kg −1 year −1 , already passing 250 Wh kg −1 at cell level (for 18650type cells). Simultaneously, the overall cost decreased substantially from initially around 1000 € kWh −1 to less than 200 € kWh −1 , [5] while a further reduction to less than 150 € kWh −1 is anticipated within the next 5 to 10 years [6] -or, in fact, might have been realized already following some recent newspaper articles. Nonetheless, further improvement is required for realizing a fully electrified transportation sector and eventually succeeding in transitioning to renewable energy sources only. For this reason, there is a great quest for alternative inactive and active materials, including inter alia the anode-not least because graphite, the state-of-theart for LIBs, which is intrinsically limiting the fast charging of the full-cell. [7,8] Another important concern is related to the availability of the required elements, including inter alia lithium, [9,10] which has led to a rapidly increasing interest in alternative charge carriers-in particular, sodium. [11][12][13] In fact, the two technologies share several similarities and, hence, room-temperature SIBs are considered a "drop-in technology," as many of the achievements obtained for LIBs can be readily implemented for SIBs. This has resulted in rapid progress for the development of SIBs within only a few years. However, there are some fundamental differences between the two systems due to the different charge carriers such as the size of the cation, the standard redox potential, or simply the different cost for the corresponding precursors-as summarized briefly in Table 1. These affect, respectively, the diffusion and transport properties, the maximum achievable energy density, or the price of the cell. Furthermore, the different reactivity of the two systems eventually also has an effect on the (decomposition) reactions at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte, including the charge transfer and cation desolvation, before entering the host structure. With respect to the potential host structure for the negative electrode-or in other words the electrode active material-the material classes of choice are frequently carbons (e.g., graphite or hard carbons) or metal oxides. For the latter, there are essentially three different alkali cation storage mechanisms: (i) insertion (including intercalation in case of layered structures), (ii) alloying, and (iii) conversion. In case of (i) insertion-type materials, the Li + Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with outstanding energy and power density have been extensively investigated in recent years, rendering them the most suitable energy storage technology for application in emerging markets such as electric vehicles and stationary storage. More recently, sodium, one of the most abundant elements on earth, exhibiting similar physicochemical properties as lithium, has been gaining increasing attention for the ...

Conversion reaction-based transition metal oxides as anode materials for lithium ion batteries: recent progress and future prospects

“…흑연과 같은 intercalation 기반의 반응과 비교해, 전 환반응 기반 전이금속산화물은 저렴한 비용과 높은 용 량을 가지고 있어 잠재적인 고용량 음극활물질으로 주 목 받았다. [23] 하지만 전환반응 기반 전이금속산화물은 낮은 속도특성도 개선되어야 한다. [24] 3.1 용량 감소 (음극의 부피 변화) [5,11,23,26] 또한, 리튬의 삽입/탈리과정에서 100 ~ 300 % 37,42) , 0D 나노 입자 43) , 1D 나노 와이어 및 나노 튜브 34,44) , 2D 나 노 시트 45) 및 3D 중공 구조 46,47) 와 같은 다양한 기하학적 모양과 형태를 가진 전이금속산화물 음극이 광범위하게 연구되어왔다.…”

Environmental Impacts of Ecofriendly Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Dyes Removal and Antibacterial Activity

“…Iron oxide has piqued the interest of many scientists due to its chemical and biological properties that may be traced back to its original shape [47,48]. In biomedicine, bioremediation, electronics, agriculture, energy, and veterinary biotechnology, iron oxide nanoparticles offer a wide range of uses [49][50][51][52][53][54]. Increasing sources of environmental contamination in the current years are causing several issues across the world.…”

Sulfur‐doped molybdenum phosphide as fast dis/charging anode for Li‐ion and Na‐ion batteries

“…Several carbon-and metal-based anode materials have been reported for LIBs and SIBs which are generally classified as conversiontype (transition metal oxides such as Fe 2 O 3 , Co 3 O 4 , MnO, CuO, and NiO), intercalation-type (metal oxides such as titanium oxide), and alloying (such as Si, Sn, Ge, etc). [11][12][13] Owing to low cost, high natural abundance and easy availability, phosphorus-based materials including phosphorus and metal phosphides are finding widespread applications as anode materials in both SIBs and LIBs. [14][15][16] In the case of phosphorus, during lithiation/ sodiation, three atoms react to form LiP 3 and NaP 3 , respectively.…”