Transition metal-based nanoparticles as potential antimicrobial agents: recent advancements, mechanistic, challenges, and future prospects

Abstract

Bacterial transmission is considered one of the potential risks for communicable diseases, requiring promising antibiotics. Traditional drugs possess a limited spectrum of effectiveness, and their frequent administration reduces effectiveness and develops resistivity. In such a situation, we are left with the option of developing novel antibiotics with higher efficiency. In this regard, nanoparticles (NPs) may play a pivotal role in managing such medical situations due to their distinct physiochemical characteristics and impressive biocompatibility. Metallic NPs are found to possess extraordinary antibacterial effects that are useful in vitro as well as in vivo as self-modified therapeutic agents. Due to their wide range of antibacterial efficacy, they have potential therapeutic applications via diverse antibacterial routes. NPs not only restrict the development of bacterial resistance, but they also broaden the scope of antibacterial action without binding the bacterial cell directly to a particular receptor with promising effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbes. This review aimed at exploring the most relevant types of metal NPs employed as antimicrobial agents, particularly those based on Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn metals, and their antimicrobial mechanisms. Further, the challenges and future prospects of NPs in biological applications are also discussed.

Beyond Conventional: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Photocatalytic Properties of Nanofibers Featuring Metal-Oxide-Modified Boron Nitride Nanoparticles

“…Subsequently, the released M n + ions from the nanoparticles engage with sulfhydryl groups and phosphorus-containing compounds in the membrane, disrupting DNA replication and inducing oxidative stress. Besides surface modification, the antibacterial properties of MO nanoparticles are also influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including their size, surface charge, composition, crystalline structure, concentration, exposure time, bacterial sensitivity, and environmental conditions . Azam et al investigated the antibacterial activity of CuO nanoparticles against bacteria and emphasized the dependency of particle size, stability, and concentration on the bacterial growth medium .…”

“…Besides surface modification, the antibacterial properties of MO nanoparticles are also influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including their size, surface charge, composition, crystalline structure, concentration, exposure time, bacterial sensitivity, and environmental conditions. 77 Azam et al investigated the antibacterial activity of CuO nanoparticles against bacteria and emphasized the dependency of particle size, stability, and concentration on the bacterial growth medium. 78 Apart from MO nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles such as Ag, Cu, Au, Pd, and MOs containing a polymer composite have been used to enhance the antibacterial activity.…”

Bio fabricated palladium nano particles using phytochemicals from aqueous cranberry fruit extract for anti-bacterial, cytotoxic activities and photocatalytic degradation of anionic dyes

“…The various reaction conditions for the effective degradation were also carefully examined, including pH, photocatalyst dose, and dye concentration. 51 For catalytic degradation experiments, the distinctive optical absorption peak for SY at 483 nm and IC at 610 nm was examined ( Fig. 17a and b ).…”

Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Studies of Metal Oxides Coupled Nanocomposites

“…However, some of the reports focused on investigating the antimicrobial activity of CuO NPs. [9][10][11] Notably, CuO is a more economical alternative to silver (Ag) and offers excellent compatibility with various metal oxides, non-metal oxides, and polymers. Shirsat et al underscore the significance of CuO NPs, citing their distinctive crystal morphologies and impressive surface areas as key attributes in antimicrobial applications.…”