Transition from shod to barefoot alters dynamic stability during running

Ekizos, Antonis; Santuz, Alessandro; Arampatzis, Adamantios

doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.035

Cited by 34 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 203 publications

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“…In humans, previous studies found an increase in the MLE during walking in patients with focal cerebellar lesion (Hoogkamer et al 2015) and with moderate neurological gait disorders (Reynard et al 2014). We also showed that increased MLE is detectable when inexperienced barefoot runners transition from shod to barefoot running (Ekizos et al 2017) and when healthy adults walk and run over uneven surfaces (Santuz et al 2018a). Similarly, during murine gait, it would be expected that the absence of feedback from muscle spindles introduces input errors (Nielsen, 2004).…”

Section: Muscle Spindle Feedback Is Required For Stable Locomotionsupporting

confidence: 63%

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Modular organization of murine locomotor pattern in the presence and absence of sensory feedback from muscle spindles

Santuz

Akay

Mayer

et al. 2019

The Journal of Physiology

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Key points Locomotion on land and in water requires the coordination of a great number of muscle activations and joint movements. Constant feedback about the position of own body parts in relation to the surrounding environment and the body itself (proprioception) is required to maintain stability and avoid failure. The central nervous system may follow a modular type of organization by controlling muscles in orchestrated groups (muscle synergies) rather than individually. We used this concept on genetically modified mice lacking muscle spindles, one of the two main classes of proprioceptors. We provide evidence that proprioceptive feedback is required by the central nervous system to accurately tune the modular organization of locomotion. Abstract For exploiting terrestrial and aquatic locomotion, vertebrates must build their locomotor patterns based on an enormous amount of variables. The great number of muscles and joints, together with the constant need for sensory feedback information (e.g. proprioception), make the task of controlling movement a problem with overabundant degrees of freedom. It is widely accepted that the central nervous system may simplify the creation and control of movement by generating activation patterns common to muscle groups, rather than specific to individual muscles. These activation patterns, called muscle synergies, describe the modular organization of movement. We extracted synergies through electromyography from the hind limb muscle activities of wild‐type and genetically modified mice lacking sensory feedback from muscle spindles. Muscle spindle‐deficient mice underwent a modification of the temporal structure (motor primitives) of muscle synergies that resulted in diminished functionality during walking. In addition, both the temporal and spatial (motor modules) components of synergies were severely affected when external perturbations were introduced or when animals were immersed in water. These findings show that sensory feedback from group Ia/II muscle spindles regulates motor function in normal and perturbed walking. Moreover, when group Ib Golgi tendon organ feedback is lacking due to enhanced buoyancy, the modular organization of swimming is almost completely compromised.

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Section: Muscle Spindle Feedback Is Required For Stable Locomotionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…We also showed that increased MLE is detectable when inexperienced barefoot runners transition from shod to barefoot running (Ekizos et al . ) and when healthy adults walk and run over uneven surfaces (Santuz et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modular organization of murine locomotor pattern in the presence and absence of sensory feedback from muscle spindles

Santuz

Akay

Mayer

et al. 2019

The Journal of Physiology

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“…During running, changes of 25% have been reported in people with and without lower limb unilateral amputation (Look et al, 2013), which would not be affected by placement differences. However, in milder cases -such as after acute transition from shod to barefoot condition with reported changes of 2% (Ekizos et al, 2017)- the results could be affected from different marker-sets or erroneous marker placement. This indicates that standardization in marker placement and marker-set chosen is important in study designs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We calculated the maximum Lyapunov exponents (MLE) on the vertical axis of the six time series, namely the “T1,” “T6,” “T10,” “L2,” “ALL,” “SP.” We analyzed the coordinate data according to the procedure followed in a previous study (Ekizos et al, 2017). In short, we identified the maximum common steps of all participants in all 192 trials (16 participants, 12 trials each) and extracted the data segment corresponding to this amount of steps in each trial.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Time delays were selected based on the first minimum of the Average Mutual Information function (Fraser and Swinney, 1986) and number of embedding dimension through a Global False Nearest Neighbors analysis (Kennel et al, 1992). Individually selected time delays were chosen by averaging the outcome delays of all individual time series for each of the participants (Ekizos et al, 2017). For our data, m = 3 was sufficient for all participants in both walking and running, while τ ranged from 12 to 16 in walking (~0.34 of average step) and from 21 to 27 frames (~0.34 of average step) in running.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Maximum Lyapunov Exponent During Walking and Running: Reliability Assessment of Different Marker-Sets

et al. 2018

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The maximum Lyapunov exponent (MLE) has often been suggested as the prominent measure for evaluation of dynamic stability of locomotion in pathological and healthy population. Although the popularity of the MLE has increased in the last years, there is scarce information on the reliability of the method, especially during running. The purpose of the current study was, thus, to examine the reliability of the MLE during both walking and running. Sixteen participants walked and ran on a treadmill completing two measurement blocks (i.e., two trials per day for three consecutive days per block) separated by 2 months on average. Six different marker-sets on the trunk were analyzed. Intraday, interday and between blocks reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the root mean square difference (RMSD). The MLE was on average significantly higher (p < 0.001) in running (1.836 ± 0.080) compared to walking (1.386 ± 0.207). All marker-sets showed excellent ICCs (>0.90) during walking and mostly good ICCs (>0.75) during running. The RMSD ranged from 0.023 to 0.047 for walking and from 0.018 to 0.050 for running. The reliability was better when comparing MLE values between blocks (ICCs: 0.965–0.991 and 0.768–0.961; RMSD: 0.023–0.034 and 0.018–0.027 for walking and running respectively), and worse when considering trials of the same day (ICCs: 0.946–0.980 and 0.739–0.844; RMSD: 0.042–0.047 and 0.045–0.050 for walking and running respectively). Further, different marker-sets affect the reliability of the MLE in both walking and running. Our findings provide evidence that the assessment of dynamic stability using the MLE is reliable in both walking and running. More trials spread over more than 1 day should be considered in study designs with increased demands of accuracy independent of the locomotion condition.

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Understanding human gait

Horwood¹,

Chockalingam²

2023

Clinical Biomechanics in Human Locomotion

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Transition from shod to barefoot alters dynamic stability during running

Cited by 34 publications

References 203 publications

Modular organization of murine locomotor pattern in the presence and absence of sensory feedback from muscle spindles

Modular organization of murine locomotor pattern in the presence and absence of sensory feedback from muscle spindles

The Maximum Lyapunov Exponent During Walking and Running: Reliability Assessment of Different Marker-Sets

Understanding human gait

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