“…In an impedance function, generalized costs are commonly expressed in terms of travel distance (Talen and Anselin, 1998), travel time (Chang et al, 2019; Liang and Zhang, 2017; Park et al, 2021), and monetary cost (El-Geneidy et al, 2016; Li et al, 2023). Among them, travel time is widely acknowledged as a more accurate measure of generalized cost in park accessibility studies, as it better aligns with people's perceptions (Chang et al, 2019; Park et al, 2021; Vale and Pereira, 2016). Existing literature typically assumes that all residents use their designated mode of transport to access parks, whether it be driving, walking, or public transport (Liang et al, 2023; Semenzato et al, 2023; Xing et al, 2020; Xu et al, 2015), with driving being a common mode of transport at the regional level (Dai, 2011; Gu et al, 2017).…”