Transit time ultrasonic flowmeter : velocity profile estimation

Mandard, E.; Kouamé, Denis; Battault, R.; Remeniéras, Jean-Pierre; Patat, F.

doi:10.1109/ultsym.2005.1602963

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…According to the validity of Taylor's hypothesis of frozen turbulence [42], we assume that the amplitude of the wind speed and direction are approximately constant throughout a sampling period. The propagation speed of the signal on each path is only affected by the component of the wind vector parallel to the propagation path as in transit-time Ultrasonic Flowmeter [43,44]. The key to adopting the MUSIC algorithm is to build the array manifold matrix, which implies the information of wind speed and direction.…”

Section: Premise Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Wind Measurement Based on Ultrasonic Sensor Array and Multiple Signal Classification

Teng

Zhu

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The wind power industry continues to experience rapid growth worldwide. However, the fluctuations in wind speed and direction complicate the wind turbine control process and hinder the integration of wind power into the electrical grid. To maximize wind utilization, we propose to precisely measure the wind in a three-dimensional (3D) space, thus facilitating the process of wind turbine control. Natural wind is regarded as a 3D vector, whose direction and magnitude correspond to the wind's direction and speed. A semi-conical ultrasonic sensor array is proposed to simultaneously measure the wind speed and direction in a 3D space. As the ultrasonic signal transmitted between the sensors is influenced by the wind and environment noise, a Multiple Signal Classification algorithm is adopted to estimate the wind information from the received signal. The estimate's accuracy is evaluated in terms of root mean square error and mean absolute error. The robustness of the proposed method is evaluated by the type A evaluation of standard uncertainty under a varying signal-to-noise ratio. Simulation results validate the accuracy and anti-noise performance of the proposed method, whose estimated wind speed and direction errors converge to zero when the SNR is over 15 dB.Sensors 2020, 20, 523 2 of 16 turbines, which further maximizes wind utilization efficiency [10]. In addition, wind measurement can be used to estimate the corresponding power generation, thus contributing to the system scheduling and energy dispatching, and, ultimately, the integration of wind power in the grid [11]. In summation, precise wind speed and direction measurements in a 3D space are of vital importance to wind energy utilization and the wind power industry.Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology is one of the most popular wind measurements [12]. However, LIDAR can only measure the wind speed component along the line of sight, a disadvantage known as "the Cyclops dilemma" [13,14]. Therefore, the wind distribution measurement in a 3D space would require the very costly installment and deployment of several LIDARs in the wind farm. In contrast, wind measurement sensors are much cheaper and could be deployed around the wind field in distances of miles to provide information for previewing wind measurement. Several types of wind measurement sensors have been employed by researchers, including cup anemometers [15][16][17], thermal anemometers [18][19][20], and ultrasonic anemometers [21][22][23]. However, measurements from cup anemometers often suffer from errors caused by wear and tear on the internal rotating bearings, and frequent inspection or calibration is required to ensure measurement accuracy [24,25]. The performance of cup anemometers can also be affected by the measuring environment. For example, cup anemometers are prone to jamming in humid environments, since water vapor can penetrate their bearings [26]. Thermal anemometers also have difficulties coping with harsh environments. In addition, their sensitivity to changes in the velocity f...

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Section: Premise Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Wind Measurement Based on Ultrasonic Sensor Array and Multiple Signal Classification

Teng

Zhu

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…The small DC voltage offset from the amplifier was removed so the signal always oscillates about the zero voltage point. The mass flow rate measured by CUTs can then be calculated using Equations (6), (8) to (10).…”

Section: Experimental Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CUTs have been developed for about 70 years [7] and different mechanisms have been adopted to measure liquid flow rate, such as Doppler, cross-correlation and transit-time measurement [7,8]. While Doppler CUTs remain an excellent solution for dirty liquids [9], transit-time CUTs have been showing faster growth in recent years due to their high accuracy [10,11]. Today, there are over 20 world leading manufactures have and are developing the transit-time CUTs [12], including GE, Siemens, KROHNE etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Flow Measurement Using Silicone Polymer Wedge Clamp-On Ultrasonic Transducers

Hughes²,

Kerr³

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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“…The ultrasonic type is more accurate than the mechanical type and more durable than the MEMS type [3]. The ultrasonic anemometer, which has been studied and developed, traditionally uses high-frequency sensors to measure wind directions and velocities in the TOF (time-of-flight) method [4][5][6][7]. This anemometer has high accuracy, but its manufacturing cost is high due to its use of high-frequency transceivers, and it is difficult to miniaturize it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on characteristics of continuous wave ultrasonic anemometer

Han

Park

2011

2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium

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This paper presents a study on the analysis of the characteristics according to the arrangement and number of receivers of a system that determines wind direction and velocity, by measuring the phase difference of continuous-wave ultrasonic waves. The sensitivity and measurement range were geometrically analyzed and experimentally verified according to the arrangement and number of receivers when the lengths of the movement paths of the ultrasonic signals and the angles of the movement paths with the wind were identical.

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Transit time ultrasonic flowmeter : velocity profile estimation

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

Three-Dimensional Wind Measurement Based on Ultrasonic Sensor Array and Multiple Signal Classification

Three-Dimensional Wind Measurement Based on Ultrasonic Sensor Array and Multiple Signal Classification

Liquid Flow Measurement Using Silicone Polymer Wedge Clamp-On Ultrasonic Transducers

A study on characteristics of continuous wave ultrasonic anemometer

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