Transit-based smart parking: An evaluation of the San Francisco Bay area field test

Abstract

This paper presents an evaluation of the first transit-based smart parking project in the US at the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District station in Oakland, California. The paper begins with a review of the smart parking literature; next the smart parking field test is described including its capital, operational, and maintenance costs; and finally the results of the participant survey analysis are presented. Some key user response results are: (1) most participants used the smart parking system 1-3 days a month for commute travel and (2) 37% of respondents had seen the changeable message signs with parking information, but only 32% of those used this information to decide whether to continue driving or take BART. Some key changes in participant travel behavior include: (1) increases in BART mode share, (2) reductions in drive alone modal share, (3) decreased average commute time, and (4) an overall reduction in total vehicle miles of travel.

Conception of Personalized Parking Assistant Application

“…This statement has also been proved by results from the San Francisco real-time parking management system [12]. Realtime parking space occupancy can be effectively collected by local sensors.…”

Centralized Connectivity for Multiwireless Edge Computing and Cellular Platform: A Smart Vehicle Parking System

“…This is somehow good but there is no surety to get the confirmation, through the cellular devices, of parking place at the same when required [1,4,5].…”

“…The WSN configuration provides the potential benefits of the proposed parking system or SVPS system which showed a new development to fulfill the advanced parking system requirements, which are probably required by today's modern smart parking systems [5,[9][10][11][12]. Therefore, this study contributed well in achieving its goals; the development is mainly a consideration as a part of the Internet of Things (IoT) platform, where all the system devices are networked as fully automotive devices have self-controlling abilities to interact with the overall system-modules.…”

A Tale of Two Chinese Transit Metropolises and the Implementation of Their Policies: Shenyang and Dalian (Liaoning Province, China)

“…With the failure of the ride-sharing policy, there was a growing consensus in the United States that parking management would be one TDM approach with high payoff potential. As a result, a few cities like Oakland in California introduced parking charges and eliminated free parking policies, which reduced automobile trips made by employees by roughly 19% [15]. More recently, regulation of automobile performance has grown more popular with the introduction of the U.S. corporate average fuel efficiency (CAFE) standards [16,17].…”