Transient transmission of Chikungunya virus in Singapore exemplifies successful mitigation of severe epidemics in a vulnerable population

Hapuarachchi, Hapuarachchige Chanditha; Wong, Wing-Yan; Koo, Carmen; Tien, Wei-Ping; Yeo, Gladys; Rajarethinam, Jayanthi; Tan, Eugene; Chiang, Suzanna; Chong, Chin Soon; Tan, Cheong-Huat; Tan, Li-Kiang; Ng, Lee Ching

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.007

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…88 (2001.98-2004.10) Since 2010, the proportion of E1-K211E/E2-V264A in the background of E1-226A has increased year by year (Table 2). As described above, E1-K211E/E2-V264A IOL was first detected in November 2009 in Singapore, but the majority of strains reported in Singapore in 2009-2012 were either sporadic or imported strains [21]. In the same period, E1-K211E/E2-V264A IOL was also detected in India in January 2010 [22].…”

Section: Evolutionary Dynamics Of the Indian Ocean Lineage Of Chikv Ecsamentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The IOL with these three mutations clustered into the distinct clade that shared a tMRCA in 2012, while the earliest detection of this clade virus was around October 2014 in Kerala, the southern state of India [39]. However, the individual branches, including Singaporean strains [21] and Indian strains [40] observed between E1-K211E/E2-V264A and E1-K211E/E2-V264A/E1-I317V clusters indicated inadequate sequence sampling, especially during the inter-epidemic (or inter-outbreak) period during which IOL variants were possibly diverse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initially, the detection of this variant was limited within these two countries during the period of 2009-2013. Although the Singapore strain MH647212 was the earliest strain with E1-K211E and E2-V264A, the majority of Singapore strains in 2010-2012 were sporadic and imported cases [21]. On the other hand, the Indian strains were reportedly associated with local outbreaks, particularly those in the northern part, with the highest number of sequences recorded in 2010 [22].…”

Section: Distribution Of Indian Ocean Lineage Carrying E1-k211e and E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spread of a Novel Indian Ocean Lineage Carrying E1-K211E/E2-V264A of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype across the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Africa

et al. 2022

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The Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype, which originated in Kenya, spread to the Indian ocean and the Indian subcontinent, and then expanded through Southeast Asia in the previous decade. It carried an adaptive mutation E1-A226V, which enhances CHIKV replication in Aedes albopictus. However, the IOL CHIKV of the most recent outbreaks during 2016–2020 in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Myanmar, Thailand, and Kenya lacked E1-A226V but carried E1-K211E and E2-V264A. Recent CHIKV genome sequences of the Maldives and Thailand were determined, and their phylogenetic relationships were further investigated together with IOL sequences reported in 2004–2020 in the database. The results showed that the ancestral IOLs diverged to a sub-lineage E1-K211E/E2-V264A, probably in India around 2008, and caused sporadic outbreaks in India during 2010–2015 and in Kenya in 2016. The massive expansion of this new sub-lineage occurred after the acquisition of E1-I317V in other neighboring and remote regions in 2014–2020. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree indicated that independent clades formed according to the geographical regions and introduction timing. The present results using all available partial or full sequences of the recent CHIKVs emphasized the dynamics of the IOL sub-lineages in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Africa.

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Section: Evolutionary Dynamics Of the Indian Ocean Lineage Of Chikv Ecsamentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Distribution Of Indian Ocean Lineage Carrying E1-k211e and E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spread of a Novel Indian Ocean Lineage Carrying E1-K211E/E2-V264A of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype across the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Africa

et al. 2022

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“…Some countries suffered large and multiple outbreaks, mainly after 2008, while others experienced low-level circulation. Indonesia has been the most affected country ( 25 ), followed by Thailand ( 15 ), Malaysia ( 14 , 88 ), the Philippines ( 88–90 ), Cambodia ( 31 , 91 ), and Singapore ( 92 ). While Myanmar ( 17 , 93 ), and Lao PDR ( 20 , 94 ) reported minor outbreaks or sporadic cases, and no available data are available for Vietnam, Brunei and Timor-Leste (the number of cases of the two largest outbreaks per country is reported in Figure 3 ).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Zoonoses In S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viral diseases in Southeast Asia: One Health challenge

Saba Villarroel,

Gumpangseth,

Songhong

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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The ongoing significant social, environmental, and economic changes in Southeast Asia (SEA) make the region highly vulnerable to the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic viral diseases. In the last century, SEA has faced major viral outbreaks with great health and economic impact, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), arboviruses, highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV); and so far, imported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Given the recent challenging experiences in addressing emerging zoonotic diseases, it is necessary to redouble efforts to effectively implement the “One Health” initiative in the region, which aims to strengthen the human-animal–plant-environment interface to better prevent, detect and respond to health threats while promoting sustainable development. This review provides an overview of important emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viral diseases in SEA, with emphasis on the main drivers behind their emergency, the epidemiological situation from January 2000 to October 2022, and the importance of One Health to promote improved intervention strategies.

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“…aegypti is ubiquitous and dengue is hyperendemic [ 26 , 27 ]. Besides dengue, the country has also reported sporadic chikungunya infections since 2013, following an outbreak in 2008 and 2013 [ 28 , 29 ] and experienced a Zika outbreak in 2016 [ 30 , 31 ]. Decades of conventional vector control efforts have contributed to falling dengue seroprevalence rates which has rendered the population vulnerable to dengue outbreaks despite a low Ae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the efficacy of male Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments to reduce dengue incidence in Singapore: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial

Ong

Soh

Wong

et al. 2022

Trials

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Background Dengue is a severe environmental public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions. In Singapore, decreasing seroprevalence and herd immunity due to successful vector control has paradoxically led to increased transmission potential of the dengue virus. We have previously demonstrated that incompatible insect technique coupled with sterile insect technique (IIT-SIT), which involves the release of X-ray-irradiated male Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, reduced the Aedes aegypti population by 98% and dengue incidence by 88%. This novel vector control tool is expected to be able to complement current vector control to mitigate the increasing threat of dengue on a larger scale. We propose a multi-site protocol to study the efficacy of IIT-SIT at reducing dengue incidence. Methods/design The study is designed as a parallel, two-arm, non-blinded cluster-randomized (CR) controlled trial to be conducted in high-rise public housing estates in Singapore, an equatorial city-state. The aim is to determine whether large-scale deployment of male Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes can significantly reduce dengue incidence in intervention clusters. We will use the CR design, with the study area comprising 15 clusters with a total area of 10.9 km2, covering approximately 722,204 residents in 1713 apartment blocks. Eight clusters will be randomly selected to receive the intervention, while the other seven will serve as non-intervention clusters. Intervention efficacy will be estimated through two primary endpoints: (1) odds ratio of Wolbachia exposure distribution (i.e., probability of living in an intervention cluster) among laboratory-confirmed reported dengue cases compared to test-negative controls and (2) laboratory-confirmed reported dengue counts normalized by population size in intervention versus non-intervention clusters. Discussion This study will provide evidence from a multi-site, randomized controlled trial for the efficacy of IIT-SIT in reducing dengue incidence. The trial will provide valuable information to estimate intervention efficacy for this novel vector control approach and guide plans for integration into national vector control programs in dengue-endemic settings. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT05505682. Registered on 16 August 2022. Retrospectively registered.

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Transient transmission of Chikungunya virus in Singapore exemplifies successful mitigation of severe epidemics in a vulnerable population

Cited by 5 publications

References 48 publications

Spread of a Novel Indian Ocean Lineage Carrying E1-K211E/E2-V264A of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype across the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Africa

Spread of a Novel Indian Ocean Lineage Carrying E1-K211E/E2-V264A of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype across the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Africa

Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viral diseases in Southeast Asia: One Health challenge

Assessing the efficacy of male Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments to reduce dengue incidence in Singapore: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial

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