“…In 5 general urbanization and agriculture have significantly modified landscapes by altering stream flow and velocity, channel morphology, streambed sediment size and hydraulic conductivity (e.g., soil compaction) (D'angelo et al, 1993;Morrice et al, 1997;Kasahara and Wondzell, 2003;Ryan et al, 2010). This changes impact on HEF by affecting the partitioning of flow, for example, increasing surface runoff (Section 3.4) impacts HEF by competing effects from increasing fine sediment inputs (which decrease streambed hydraulic conductivity) and stream discharge (which increases the advection HEF) (Hancock, 2002;Kasahara 10 and Hill, 2006;Crenshaw et al, 2010;Gooseff et al, 2007, Maalim et al, 2013, but the dominant process appears to be decreasing hydraulic conductivity from sedimentation within the stream channel, thus decreasing the percentage of stream water exchanged in the HZ (Cirmo et al, 1997;Doyle et al, 2005;Simon and Rinaldi, 2006;Karwan et al, 2009).…”