Transient metazoan reefs in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction

Brayard, Arnaud; Vennin, Emmanuelle; Olivier, Nicolas; Bylund, Kevin G.; Jenks, James F.; Stephen, Daniel A.; Bucher, Hugo; Hofmann, Richard; Goudemand, Nicolas; Escarguel, Gilles

doi:10.1038/ngeo1264

Cited by 124 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Exposures of Lower Triassic, marine rocks, which are found in Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and California, have yielded a plethora of marine invertebrate fossils, including the earliest metazoan reefs of the Mesozoic (e.g., Silberling and Tozer, 1968;Nichols and Silberling, 1979;Brayard et al, 2011Brayard et al, , 2013Brayard et al, , 2017Hofmann et al, 2013a, b). Several formations produce Early Triassic vertebrate remains, but these occurrences have often only been casually mentioned (e.g., Oversby, 1972;Silberling, 1973;Schaeffer and Mangus, 1976;Poole and Wardlaw, 1978).…”

Section: Taxonomy and Comparative Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the aftermath of this catastrophic event, the surviving and newly evolved clades went through a series of subsequent crises during the Early Triassic, which selectively affected their recovery (e.g., Galfetti et al, 2007b;Orchard, 2007;Brayard et al, 2009Brayard et al, , 2011Brayard et al, , 2017Song et al, 2011;Hofmann et al, 2013a, b;Hochuli et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse

Romano¹,

Jenks²,

Jattiot³

et al. 2017

J. Paleontol.

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Abstract.-The Early Triassic vertebrate record from low paleolatitudes is spotty, which led to the notion of an 'equatorial vertebrate eclipse' during the Smithian. Here we present articulated ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), collected from the marine Lower Triassic Thaynes Group at three new localities in Elko County (Nevada, USA), which were deposited within the equatorial zone. From the Smithian of the Winecup Ranch, we describe two partial skulls of the predatory actinopterygian Birgeria (Birgeriidae), attributed to B. americana new species and Birgeria sp. Birgeria americana n. sp. is distinguished from other species by a less reduced operculogular series. With an estimated total length of 1.72-1.85 m, it is among the largest birgeriids. We confirm that Birgeria encompasses species with either two or three rows of teeth on the maxilla and dentary, and suggest that species with three well-developed rows are restricted to the Early Triassic. From the latest Smithian of Palomino Ridge, we present a three-dimensional, partial skull of the longirostrine predator Saurichthys (Saurichthyidae). This and other occurrences indicate that saurichthyids were common in the western USA basin. From the early late Spathian of Crittenden Springs, we describe a posterior body portion (Actinopterygii indet.). This find is important given the paucity of Spathian osteichthyan sites. We provide a summary of Early Triassic vertebrate occurrences in the United States, concluding that vertebrate fossils remain largely unstudied. The presence of predatory vertebrates in subequatorial latitudes during the Smithian confirms that Early Triassic trophic chains were not shortened and contradicts the 'equatorial vertebrate eclipse'.

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Section: Taxonomy and Comparative Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse

Romano¹,

Jenks²,

Jattiot³

et al. 2017

J. Paleontol.

Self Cite

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“…페름기 말 대멸종 직후 약 150만 년에서 500만 년에 걸쳐 주로 Renalcis 그룹 또는 Microcystis로 생각되는 미생물과 미크라이트로 구성된 미생물암이 전 세계적으로 널리 나타났다 (Kershaw et al, 1999(Kershaw et al, , 2012Ezaki et al, 2003;Wu et al, 2014). 이 시 기의 미생물암은 주로 저위도 지역의 다양한 퇴적 환 경에 분포하였으며 (Kershaw et al, 2012), 트라이아 스기 중기 이후 후생동물 생태계가 대멸종의 타격에 서 점차 회복되면서 크게 감소하였다 (Xie et al, 2010;Brayard et al, 2011). 이후 쥐라기 중후기 및 백악기 초기에 주로 쓰롬볼 라이트와 스트로마톨라이트로 구성된 미생물암이 상 대적으로 흔하게 나타나며, 이들은 얕은 바다에서는 산호와, 깊은 바다에서는 해면동물과 함께 생물초를 형성하였다 (Leinfelder et al, 1993(Leinfelder et al, , 1994Dupraz and Strasser, 1999;Parcell, 2002;Olivier et al, 2003Olivier et al, , 2006Bádenas and Aurell, 2010).…”

Section: 지질시대에서 나타나는 미생물암unclassified

A Review on Microbialites: a Korean Perspective

Lee¹

2015

The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea

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Microbialites are defined as rocks formed by microbial organisms. After their first appearance around 3.5 billion years ago, microbialites occur in various depositional environments throughout geological periods. Microbial organisms form microbialites by trapping and binding detrital sediments and/ or precipitating carbonate cements, resulting in formation of various microstructures and mesostructures. Four major types of microbialites are distinguished based on their mesostructures: stromatolite, thrombolite, dendrolite, and leiolite. In the geological records, occurrences of microbialites are influenced by calcium carbonate saturation of seawater and interaction of microbialites with metazoans. Stromatolites mainly flourished during the Precambrian, and diminished as level of atmospheric carbon dioxide declined. On the other hand, thrombolites, mainly formed by calcified microbes, began to flourish from the Neoproterozoic. As metazoans diversified in the Phanerozoic, proportion of the microbialites within sedimentary record declined. Since then, microbialites only occasionally flourished during the Phanerozoic, such as shortly after mass-extinction events. In the Korean Peninsula, microbialites occur in the Neoproterozoic Sangwon System, the Early Paleozoic Joseon Supergroup, and the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Supergroup, which form different shapes according to their age and depositional environments. By performing detailed studies on these Korean microbialites, it is possible to understand how microbes affected geological records and sedimentary environments, as well as their interaction with other organisms.

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“…These stressful environmental conditions, including episodes of ocean acidifi cation ( 11), also caused restricted metazoan reef building, including a lack of corals, during the Early Triassic ( 6,12,13). Similarly, other shallow seafl oor environments were characterized by low biodiversity and cosmopolitan taxa (see the fi gure, panel B), many with reduced size ( 4,6,14), as well as a reduced depth and extent of bioturbation by infaunal organisms ( 6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%