Transient Faults in Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Analysis, Modelling Methodologies and Remedies

Abstract

This paper presents an in-depth review of classical and state-of-the-art models for analysing the transient stability in wind energy conversion systems. Various transient simulation models for a number of wind turbine generator (WTG) configurations are introduced, under different disturbances. The mitigation is achieved, by manipulating the generator speed and power electronics control, whereas the protection is implemented using conventional, intelligent or digital relays for the safety of sensitive components, in case of transient fault occurrence. The various control systems in WECS are basically employed to transform and regulate the varying frequency, owing to the stochastic nature of wind speed, to the standard 50-Hz or 60-Hz frequency for coupling to an existing electrical utility grid. It has been observed that the control and protection schemes in wind energy systems are concurrently applied. Transient faults in WECSs are a dominant power quality problem especially in the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), and often classified as overcurrent or overvoltage transients. These transients are measured using the transient stability index and analysed using the EMTDC/PSCAD software. In addition, the inertia of the rotating masses of wind turbine generators is often characterized by a transient torque, which generates oscillations in power systems.

Frame-Angle Controlled Wavelet Modulated Inverter and Self-Recurrent Wavelet Neural Network-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking for Wind Energy Conversion System

“…A hybrid fuzzy particle swarm optimisation-based algorithm is employed to obtain high tracking efficiency in [21]. Predictive control algorithms are useful in steady-state operation [22], but during the transient changes, it exhibits an inadequate response due to mismatch of memorized data [23]. Sliding mode observer for measuring rotor speed and torque of PMSG is reported in [24], even though it avoids mechanical sensors, the complexity of such controllers is comparatively higher than that of intelligent control algorithms such as neural network, fuzzy logic, wavelet controllers etc.…”

Experimental Study of the Summation of Flicker Caused by Wind Turbines

“…The quantities that shall be stated for characterizing the power quality of a single WT according to the standard are: voltage fluctuations, current harmonics, interharmonics, high-frequency components, voltage drop response, power control (active and reactive power), grid protection, and reconnection time. The literature gathers several works about the measurement, modeling and control of these disturbances and how to minimize their impact [5][6][7].…”

Addendum: Abubakar, U.; Mekhilef, S.; Mokhlis, H.; Seyedmahmoudian, M.; Horan, B.; Stojcevski, A.; Bassi, H.; Rawa, M.J.H. Transient Faults in Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Analysis, Modelling Methodologies and Remedies. Energies 2018, 11, 2249

“…The authors would like to make the following addition to their paper [1], as indicated, simply to acknowledge the financial support obtained. The funding should be added between the paragraphs of the author's contributions and the conflicts of interest; that is, according to the recommended format of the journal.…”