Transient Dynamic System Behavior of Pressure Actuated Cellular Structures in a Morphing Wing

Meyer, Patrick; Lück, Sebastian; Spuhler, Tobias; Bode, Christoph; Hühne, Christian; Friedrichs, Jens; Sinapius, Michael

doi:10.3390/aerospace8030089

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Morphing wings enable aircraft to optimize flight mode by changing wing shapes through active adjustment of wing shapes corresponding to external or internal flight conditions while flight [ 1 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Most works in morphing focus on the mechanisms concerning conventional mechanical design or Smart materials and their proof-of-concept stages and material/structure-based internal mechanisms, which are far from realization and test flight of morphing aircraft [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamic Analysis of Camber Morphing Airfoils in Transition via Computational Fluid Dynamics

Joe

Majid

2022

Biomimetics

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In this paper, the authors analyze an essential but overlooked area, the aerodynamics of the variable camber morphing wing in transition, where 6% camber changes from 2% to 8% using the two airfoil configurations: NACA2410 and NACA8410. Many morphing works focus on analyzing the aerodynamics of a particular airfoil geometry or already morphed case. The authors mainly address “transitional” or “in-between” aerodynamics to understand the semantics of morphing in-flight and explore the linearity in the relationship when the camber rate is gradually changed. In general, morphing technologies are considered a new paradigm for next-generation aircraft designs with highly agile flight and control and a multidisciplinary optimal design process that enables aircraft to perform substantially better than current ones. Morphing aircraft adjust wing shapes conformally, promoting an enlarged flight envelope, enhanced performance, and higher energy sustainability. Whereas the recent advancement in manufacturing and material processing, composite and smart materials has enabled the implementation of morphing wings, designing a morphing wing aircraft is more challenging than modern aircraft in terms of reliable numerical modeling and aerodynamic analysis. Hence, it is interesting to investigate modeling the transitional aerodynamics of morphing airfoils using a numerical analysis such as computational fluid dynamics. The result shows that the SST k-ω model with transition/curvature correction computes a reasonably accurate value compared with an analytical solution. Additionally, the CL is less sensitive to transition near the leading edge in airfoils. As the camber rate changes/is gradually increased, the aerodynamic behavior correspondingly changes linearly in-between.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamic Analysis of Camber Morphing Airfoils in Transition via Computational Fluid Dynamics

Joe

Majid

2022

Biomimetics

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“…Most of the morphing wing research works focus on either the design and implementation of morphing concepts using selected materials and structures [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], or the analysis Most of the morphing wing research works focus on either the design and implementation of morphing concepts using selected materials and structures [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], or the analysis of the structural and aerodynamic performance of suggested morphing concepts and their mechanisms [12][13][14][15]. Researchers have developed camber morphing mechanisms using smart materials [16][17][18], corrugated structures [19], multi-unit rib structures [20], vertically slitted rib structures [21], truss elements and runners [22], pressure-actuated cellular structures [23,24], bio-inspired FishBAC structures [25], monolithic compliant mechanisms [26], or combined form [27] to introduce and validate their effectively working models and design implementation. Some morphing wing design implementations were even validated with an effectively flown test model [27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of Camber Morphing and Conventional Airfoils

Majid

Joe

2021

Applied Sciences

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This paper aims to numerically validate the aerodynamic performance and benefits of variable camber rate morphing wings, by comparing them to conventional ones with plain flaps, when deflection angles vary, assessing their D reduction or L/D improvement. Many morphing-related research works mainly focus on the design of morphing mechanisms using smart materials, and innovative mechanism designs through materials and structure advancements. However, the foundational work that establishes the motivation of morphing technology development has been overlooked in most research works. All things considered, this paper starts with the verification of the numerical model used for the aerodynamic performance analysis and then conducts the aerodynamic performance analysis of (1) variable camber rate in morphing wings and (2) variable deflection angles in conventional wings. Finally, we find matching pairs for a direct comparison to validate the effectiveness of morphing wings. As a result, we validate that variable camber morphing wings, equivalent to conventional wings with varying flap deflection angles, are improved by at least 1.7% in their L/D ratio, and up to 18.7% in their angle of attack, with α = 8° at a 3% camber morphing rate. Overall, in the entire range of α, which conceptualizes aircrafts mission planning for operation, camber morphing wings are superior in D, L/D, and their improvement rate over conventional ones. By providing the improvement rates in L/D, this paper numerically evaluates and validates the efficiency of camber morphing aircraft, the most important aspect of aircraft operation, as well as the agility and manoeuvrability, compared to conventional wing aircraft.

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“…Active deflection enables further functionalities such as advanced flight control and mission adaptability, which will be examined in future studies. A first estimate of the actuation speed of PACS actuators shows that a full deflection (depressurization) and retraction (pressurization) cycle is possible at least at 1 Hz [16]. Higher actuation rates are likely achievable, but their evaluation requires consideration of transient fluid-structure interaction during pressurization, which was neglected in that preliminary study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aeroelastic Analysis of Actuated Adaptive Wingtips Based on Pressure-Actuated Cellular Structures

Meyer

Hühne

Bramsiepe

et al. 2023

AIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum

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Folding wingtips are in the focus of research for their potential to counteract the challenges posed by high aspect ratio wings, such as airport conformity and increased wing root bending moment. Existing concepts for in-flight folding and morphing wingtips either enable passive load alleviation by adding free-flapping aeroelastic hinges to the wingtips or allow for advanced flight control and mission adaptability by actively deflecting the wingtips. In contrast, actuated adaptive wingtips combine the functionalities of passive and active in-flight folding wingtips by using a stiffness-adaptive aeroelastic hinge that is actively adjustable in flight. The objective of this paper is the aeroelastic analysis of a wing equipped with an adaptive-stiffness hinge. While the structural design of the wingtip actuator based on pressure-actuated cellular structures (PACS) was developed in a previous study, in this study the authors verify the concept of actuated adaptive wingtips through aeroelastic analysis. The aeroelastic model consists of a reduced beam structure coupled with the vortex lattice method. In the structural model, the PACS-based adaptive-stiffness hinge is implemented as an equivalent beam element and a pair of counteracting moments. This study shows that the investigated PACS actuator, which is structurally designed from glass-fiber reinforced plastic, is capable of bearing the loads acting on the wingtips of a Cessna Citation X. The adaptive-stiffness hinge, positioned between 86.7% and 91.2% of the semi-span, reduces the wing root bending moment by up to 7.8% in a 2.5 g maneuver load case, while keeping the wing straight in cruise. A further increase in load alleviation potential can be achieved in the future by extending the actuator's operating envelope and thus increasing its load-bearing capacity so that the actuator can be positioned more inboard. The functional verification of the actuated adaptive wingtip concept by means of aeroelastic analysis forms the basis for the manufacturing and testing of a functional prototype.

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Transient Dynamic System Behavior of Pressure Actuated Cellular Structures in a Morphing Wing

Cited by 14 publications

References 36 publications

Aerodynamic Analysis of Camber Morphing Airfoils in Transition via Computational Fluid Dynamics

Aerodynamic Analysis of Camber Morphing Airfoils in Transition via Computational Fluid Dynamics

Comparative Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of Camber Morphing and Conventional Airfoils

Aeroelastic Analysis of Actuated Adaptive Wingtips Based on Pressure-Actuated Cellular Structures

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