Transient central retinal artery occlusion after sub-tenon's anaesthesia: Is it a safe technique?

Volume‐rendered optical coherence tomography angiography during ocular interventions: Advocating for noninvasive intraoperative retinal perfusion monitoring

“…[16] Intraoperative and postoperative retinal vaso-occlusion has been described, sometimes with permanent visual sequelae. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Multiple lines of evidence suggest that periocular anaesthetic procedures cause a decrease in ocular blood flow, possibly leading to retinal ischemia [28][29][30], although the mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unclear. [16,20] It is hypothesized that the anaesthetics exert a pharmacological vaso-constrictive effect, thereby diminishing retinal blood supply.…”

Survey on anaesthesia used for phaco‐emulsification cataract surgery: A needs analysis for teaching topical‐intracameral anaesthesia to ophthalmology trainees

“…Over the past decade, there has been a trend towards lower utilization of sharp needle blocks (retrobulbar and peribulbar anaesthesia) and increasing use of subTenon blocks, TIA and topical anaesthesia . Use of TIA eliminates the risks of eye blocks, which include globe perforation (2.23 per 10 000 cases), periorbital haemorrhage (2.9 per 10 000 cases) and central retinal artery occlusion (0.7 per 10 000 cases) . The recently described paracentral acute middle maculopathy has not been observed after TIA .…”