“…In general, the conventional non-equilibrium thermodynamics (Angrist 1992, Bejan 1997) is used to analyse the performance of single-stage one-or multiple-element thermoelectric generators (Sisman and Yavuz 1995, Chen et al 1997, Omer and Infield 1998, Rowe and Min 1998, Huang et al 2000, Mayergoyz and Andrel 2001, Naji et al 2003, Nuwayhid et al 2005, Yu and Zhao 2007 and refrigerators (Huang et al 2000, Chua et al 2002, Gordon et al 2002, Dai et al 2003, Cheng and Lin 2005, Yang et al 2005, Chakraborty et al 2006, Wang et al, 2006, Abramzon 2007, Chakraborty et al, 2007, Lee and Kim 2007, Pan et al 2007). All objects of these researches are independent thermoelectric devices, that is, they generate direct-current power source for users (thermoelectric generator) or need a direct-current power source to provide direct current (thermoelectric refrigerator).…”