2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116825
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Transient analysis of an electric vehicle air-conditioning system using CO2 for start-up and cabin pull-down operations

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Cited by 14 publications
(4 citation statements)
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“…The sensor used is an accelerometer, whose output is acceleration (mm/s2), and a piezo film sensor, which gives a voltage (V) output. Z-freq Hybrid, 𝑍 ℎ 𝑓 coefficient value can be calculated using equation (2), where 𝑁 is the number of data, 𝐾 𝑎 and 𝑆 𝑎 are kurtosis and standard deviation for acceleration value. In contrast, 𝐾 𝑣 and 𝑆 𝑣 are kurtosis and standard deviation for voltage value, respectively.…”
Section: Z-freq Hybrid Statistical Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The sensor used is an accelerometer, whose output is acceleration (mm/s2), and a piezo film sensor, which gives a voltage (V) output. Z-freq Hybrid, 𝑍 ℎ 𝑓 coefficient value can be calculated using equation (2), where 𝑁 is the number of data, 𝐾 𝑎 and 𝑆 𝑎 are kurtosis and standard deviation for acceleration value. In contrast, 𝐾 𝑣 and 𝑆 𝑣 are kurtosis and standard deviation for voltage value, respectively.…”
Section: Z-freq Hybrid Statistical Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The central component of this system is the compressor, which plays a critical role in facilitating the refrigerant's circulation and the cooling process's efficiency. Nevertheless, the vehicle's second largest energy consumption device is the air conditioning system, which is up to 58% of energy [2]. An inefficient compressor would lead to a tremendous amount of energy consumption [3].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Wang et al considered the impact of battery heating/cooling demand on the performance of the CO 2 heat pump system further [127]. Ko et al analyzed the start-up and the pull-down processes of a CO 2 AC system for an electric vehicle [128]. The pull-down time and energy consumption increase with the decrease of target temperature or the increase of initial temperature.…”
Section: Application Of Co 2 Cycle In the Vehicle Fieldmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…自从蒸汽压缩式制冷系统问世以来,常用制冷剂类型已经经历了多次更迭。以乙醚、乙 醇为代表的第一代制冷剂仅达到了能够提供制冷功能的需求 [16] ,很快被 R12 等第二代制冷 剂(氟利昂,CFC, chlorofluorocarbon 及 HCFC, hydrochloro-fluorocarbons)替代,第二代制 冷剂开始被引入车辆应用领域 [42] 。不过,由于臭氧层破坏问题 [43] ,《蒙特利尔议定书》限 制了第二代含氯制冷剂的使用并标志着第三代不含氯制冷剂(HFC)的出现。近年间,虽然 交通领域新能源化的进程如火如荼, 但目前新能源车辆中所采用的制冷剂种类仍然沿袭传统 燃油车的技术路线,即还停留在 HFC 阶段:其中乘用车主要采用 R134a 作为工质 [42][44] ,而 商用车(客车与轨道车辆等)多数采用 R407C 等作为工质 [45][46] 。在制冷方面,对比 R134a, R407C 车辆空调系统不仅能够保证几乎相当的降温速度与制冷能效,而且往往采用更小的 压缩机与换热器 [58] ,对于车辆设备轻量化具有重要意义。 随着新能源车辆的普及,一个主要问题开始凸显:即传统燃油车辆中存在充足的发动机 余热可供冬季制热需求, 但新能源车辆中发动机余热的缺失导致冬季制热成为车辆制冷系统 必须解决的重要问题 [46] 。 为此,学者们开始针对 R134a、R407C 等系统的热泵制热性能展开研究。Li 等人 [48] 开 发了电动车用 R134a 热泵空调系统。类似于家用空调,该车用空调热泵系统同样通过四通 换向阀进行制冷与制热模式的切换,在 0℃环境温度以上均可以较快实现车厢制热目的,但 最低运行至-15℃时制热量已经出现了明显的衰减。Peng 等人 [49] 也搭建了类似的电动车热泵 台架,实验结果显示,R134a 工质在-5℃的环境温度条件下仍然具有较理想的制热 COP (coefficient of performance),但更低温度条件下的情况并未提及。更近一步地,Lee 等人 [50] 研究了 R134a 车载热泵系统在-10℃条件下的性能表现, 其制热 COP 和制热量可分别达到 3.26 及 3.10kW,虽然 COP 值尚可,但制热量已经严重衰减至不能满足车厢供热需求。另一 方面,Wang 等人 [45] [51] ,常规 R134a 及 R407C 系统中往往需要增加压缩机转速或配备更大容量的压缩机来保证低环境温度下充 足的制热量 [51] 。另一方面,从提升循环制热 COP 的角度,参考家用和商用热泵中的成熟技 术,学者们利用膨胀罐或经济器等部件构建了中间补气型的系统结构形式,并分别开展了数 值模拟 [52] 和实验研究 [53] [60][61] 提出了将 CO 2 与 R290、 R41 等制冷剂混合的方法,使车用空调系统制冷性能提升 20%以上,基本达到与 R134a 系 统相当的状态。Li 等人 [62] ,Subei 等人 [63] 研究了车用跨临界 CO 2 系统中的局部细节,如微通 道气体冷却器、 管路压降等方面的优化空间, 也为整个系统制冷能效的提升提供了理论基础。 综上所述,凭借着优异的环保效应、宽工况适应性及与车辆系统的兼容性,近年间 CO 2 制冷剂被广泛的推向新能源汽车 [64] 、客车 [65] 、轨道交通 [66]…”
Section: 制冷剂应用现状unclassified