of the literary with the visual will establish a hierarchy of signification. The suspicion of authors that an image will override their words and the curious faith of an artist that a written text can clarify their art are echoed by readers and viewers, who fret over film adaptations of favourite books and look first to the explanatory blurb printed next to a painting. At once productive and limiting, these tensions have been at work throughout the history of the relationship between literature and art, manifesting variously where painting, illustration, sculpture, photography, or installation intersect with literary writing in all its forms. Therefore the reinterpretation of a text by an artist, or an art object by an author, provokes not only an assessment of the new and original work, but also a reappraisal of art, literature, and the process of adaptation. The relationship prompts evaluations, and therefore a self-consciousness of both or either medium. The interaction of literature and art is therefore inherently critical, even theoretical.Many examples of visual artists' experimentations with written texts directly engage with literary works -including the ancient Sperlonga sculptures depicting episodes of The Odyssey, Botticelli's Primavera (ca. 1482), or much of the output of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; arguably the wealth of art inspired by religious texts, such as the Gupta Vishvarupa sculptures of the fifth century, or ninth and tenth century Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia, Istanbul; and illustrated texts from eleventh century Japanese woodblockprinted books to contemporary book-to-art projects such as Stephen Crowe's Wake in Progress. Others, however, operate at a remove from literature, investigating instead individual words or non-literary writing. In 1913-14 Kazimir Malevich drew a simple frame and wrote within it 'деревня' ('Village'), noting that 'Instead of drawing the huts of nature's nooks, better to write "Village" and it will appear to each with finer details and the sweep of an entire village.' 2 A conceptual exploration of the power of language, pitted against the visual by borrowing the frame of an exhibited artwork, Malevich's Alogmisme 29. Village creates a viewer/reader who must create the framed image. Alogmisme 29.Village challenges the role of the artist/author while investing a great deal in the modes of art and the capabilities of words. In his investigation into the effects of language as communication within a curated, artistic space, Malevich gives the word 'village' a quality that one might call literary.Literature points often to the visual, however its engagement with art can draw on more than the representation of an image. For example, Frank O'Hara uses to great effect the status of revered artworks, borrowing their renowned beauty in the 1960 poem 'Having