Transgranular liquation cracking of grains in the semi-solid state

Karagadde, Shyamprasad; Lee, Peter; Cai, Biao; Fife, Julie L.; Azeem, Mohammed Abdul; Kareh, Kristina Maria; Puncreobutr, Chedtha; Tsivoulas, D.; Connolley, Thomas; Atwood, Robert C.

doi:10.1038/ncomms9300

Cited by 72 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In situ radiography [Lee and Hunt, 1997] and synchrotron X-ray tomography (sCT) have become key tools and are now regularly used to quantify crack and other defect formation in a wide range of fields. These include metallic alloy micromechanics to granular flow and even the cracking of high-temperature semisolid metals [Kareh et al, 2014;Karagadde et al, 2015]. They have also been used in a number of geological applications, such as observing the influence of fabric in soils to shear band formation [Fonseca et al, 2013].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchrotron tomographic quantification of strain and fracture during simulated thermal maturation of an organic‐rich shale, UK Kimmeridge Clay

et al. 2017

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Analyzing the development of fracture networks in shale is important to understand both hydrocarbon migration pathways within and from source rocks and the effectiveness of hydraulic stimulation upon shale reservoirs. Here we use time‐resolved synchrotron X‐ray tomography to quantify in four dimensions (3‐D plus time) the development of fractures during the accelerated maturation of an organic‐rich mudstone (the UK Kimmeridge Clay), with the aim of determining the nature and timing of crack initiation. Electron microscopy (EM, both scanning backscattered and energy dispersive) was used to correlatively characterize the microstructure of the sample preheating and postheating. The tomographic data were analyzed by using digital volume correlation (DVC) to measure the three‐dimensional displacements between subsequent time/heating steps allowing the strain fields surrounding each crack to be calculated, enabling crack opening modes to be determined. Quantification of the strain eigenvectors just before crack propagation suggests that the main mode driving crack initiation is the opening displacement perpendicular to the bedding, mode I. Further, detailed investigation of the DVC measured strain evolution revealed the complex interaction of the laminar clay matrix and the maximum principal strain on incipient crack nucleation. Full field DVC also allowed accurate calculation of the coefficients of thermal expansion (8 × 10−5/°C perpendicular and 6.2 × 10−5/°C parallel to the bedding plane). These results demonstrate how correlative imaging (using synchrotron tomography, DVC, and EM) can be used to elucidate the influence of shale microstructure on its anisotropic mechanical behavior.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchrotron tomographic quantification of strain and fracture during simulated thermal maturation of an organic‐rich shale, UK Kimmeridge Clay

et al. 2017

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“…In recent years, synchrotron X-ray imaging has been extensively applied to the in situ study of solidification [2,11,12], fragmentation [8,13] and coarsening mechanisms [14], pore and bubble growth during solidification [15,16], and semi-solid processing [17][18][19]. Huang et al [20] recently reported measurement of the size distribution of cavitation gas bubbles in an AlCu alloy melt using the synchrotron X-ray radiography whilst the current authors used it to study the ultrasonic capillary effect in a molten metallic alloy [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchrotron quantification of ultrasound cavitation and bubble dynamics in Al–10Cu melts

Tzanakis

Srirangam

et al. 2016

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

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Knowledge of the kinetics of gas bubble formation and evolution under cavitation conditions in molten alloys is important for the control casting defects such as porosity and dissolved hydrogen. Using in situ synchrotron X-ray radiography, we studied the dynamic behaviour of ultrasonic cavitation gas bubbles in a molten Al-10 wt% Cu alloy. The size distribution, average radius and growth rate of cavitation gas bubbles were quantified under an acoustic intensity of 800 W/cm 2 and a maximum acoustic pressure of 4.5 MPa (45 atm).Bubbles exhibited a log-normal size distribution with an average radius of 15.3 ± 0.5 µm.Under applied sonication conditions the growth rate of bubble radius, R(t), followed a power law with a form of R(t)=αt β , and α=0.0021 & β=0.89. The observed tendencies were discussed in relation to bubble growth mechanisms of Al alloy melts.

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“…Recently Kareh et al 30. Karagadde et al 31. utilised time-resolved tomography to reveal rotation and transgranular liquation during semi-solid processing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Initiation and growth kinetics of solidification cracking during welding of steel

Aucott

Huang

Dong

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Solidification cracking is a key phenomenon associated with defect formation during welding. To elucidate the failure mechanisms, solidification cracking during arc welding of steel are investigated in situ with high-speed, high-energy synchrotron X-ray radiography. Damage initiates at relatively low true strain of about 3.1% in the form of micro-cavities at the weld subsurface where peak volumetric strain and triaxiality are localised. The initial micro-cavities, with sizes from 10 × 10−6 m to 27 × 10−6 m, are mostly formed in isolation as revealed by synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography. The growth of micro-cavities is driven by increasing strain induced to the solidifying steel. Cavities grow through coalescence of micro-cavities to form micro-cracks first and then through the propagation of micro-cracks. Cracks propagate from the core of the weld towards the free surface along the solidifying grain boundaries at a speed of 2–3 × 10−3 m s−1.

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Transgranular liquation cracking of grains in the semi-solid state

Cited by 72 publications

References 53 publications

Synchrotron tomographic quantification of strain and fracture during simulated thermal maturation of an organic‐rich shale, UK Kimmeridge Clay

Synchrotron tomographic quantification of strain and fracture during simulated thermal maturation of an organic‐rich shale, UK Kimmeridge Clay

Synchrotron quantification of ultrasound cavitation and bubble dynamics in Al–10Cu melts

Initiation and growth kinetics of solidification cracking during welding of steel

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