Transglutaminase 3 expression in C57BL/6J mouse embryo epidermis and the correlation with its differentiation

Abstract

Epidermal-type transglutaminase 3 (TGM3) is involved in the cross-linking of structural proteins to form the cornified envelope in the epidermis. In the present study, we detected the expression of TGM3 in the mouse embryo using RT-PCR. TGM3 mRNA is weakly presented from E11.5 to E14.5 and increases significantly from E15.5 to birth. Then we determined the spatial and temporal expression pattern of TGM3 in the skin and other organs by in situ hybridization. We found a deprivation of TGM3 in skin at E11.5, while a rich supply in periderm cells and a weak expression in basal cells from E12.5 to E14.5. From the period of E15.5 to E16.5, after keratinization in the epidermis, TGM3 was expressed in the granular and cornified layers. The electron microscopic observation of the C57BL/6J mouse limb bud skin development provided several morphological evidences for the epidermal differentiation. The above findings suggest that the expression of TGM3 plays a important role in the epidermis differentiation in embryogenesis.

Macroautophagy in T Lymphocyte Development and Function

“…The question was whether the loss of autophagy was the real reason for the enhanced cell death, since Atg5 interacts with Fas-associated death domain (FADD) protein and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x L (Pyo et al, 2005; Yousefi et al, 2006). Atg5 may regulate apoptosis through the extrinsic or intrinsic cell death pathways (Zhang et al, 2005). …”

Tgm2/Gh, Gbx1 and TGF-beta are involved in retinoic acid-induced transdifferentiation from epidermis to mucosal epithelium

“…These results together indicated that, although TG2/Gh of RA-pretreated skin could act as transamidase in vitro, in intact skin, it revealed another enzyme activity of its own at a physiological concentration of Ca ++ . Indeed, it is reported that terminal differentiation of keratinocytes accompanying in TG1, 3 or 5 (Steinert et al, 1996;Zhang et al, 2005;Candi et al, 2002) is induced by high concentration of Ca ++ (Reiss and Zhou 1989).…”

“…The most characteristic enzyme function of the transglutaminase family is calcium-dependent transamidation activity; the formation of ε-(g-glutamyl)lysine cross-links between proteins, resulting in polymerization. TG1, TG3 and TG5, the transglutaminase family, are found in mammalian keratinocytes and play an important role in the formation of the stratum corneum in the skin by the introduction of cross-links into proteins (Steinert et al, 1996;Zhang et al, 2005;Candi et al, 2002). In addition to transamidation activity, TG2/Gh functions as a signal-transducing GTP-binding protein (Nakaoka et al, 1994) from classical Gcoupled receptors, serine/threonine kinase (Mishra and Murphy 2004), and a protein-disulfide isomerase that regulates adenylate cyclase (Tucholski and Johnson 2003).…”

Development of Oral Epithelial Cell Line ROE2 with Differentiation Potential from Transgenic Rats Harboring Temperature-Sensitive Simian Virus40 Large T-Antigen Gene

“…Among a total of 32 genes identified (9 + 23; Table 1), 28 genes (the exceptions being Prdm1 , Calml5 (calmodulin-like 5), Foxe1 (forkhead box E1), and Tfap2a (transcription factor AP-2 alpha)) were also found to be expressed in normal differentiated keratinocytes in mouse oral mucosa [53], the gene expression data of which were obtained from GEO, an accession number of GSE28035. In these genes, it has been reported that Evpl (envoplakin) [35], Scel (sciellin) [4], Tgm1 [8], and Tgm3 [56] are involved in the development of epidermis. In this study, of particular interest was our identification of the skin development-associated gene network D, whose core contains Cdkn1a , Egfr , and Fos derived from upregulated genes in cluster Up-II or Up-III.…”