Transgenic assays and the identification of carcinogens

Tennant, Raymond W.; Haseman, Joseph K.; Stoll, Raymond E.

doi:10.1002/1098-2280(2001)37:1<86::aid-em1010>3.0.co;2-g

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…If the risk of exposure-related human cancer were confined to trans-species carcinogens, the concern for exposure risk (counting ASP and EAF chemicals) would be reduced from 19/46 (41%) to 7/46 (15%) chemicals in the EAFUS database. If the numbers of chemicals in all FDA [Tennant et al, 1995[Tennant et al, , 2001Bucher, 1998;Spalding et al, 2000]. However, the evidence to support this conclusion, based on known human carcinogens tested in the NTPRB, is seriously limited [Johnson, 2001].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How many food additives are rodent carcinogens?

Johnson

2002

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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One generally assumes that chemical agents added to foods are reasonably free of risks to human health, and practically everyone consumes some additives in his or her food daily throughout life. In the United States, the 1958 Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 requires food manufacturers to demonstrate the safety of food additives to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Amendment contains a provision that prohibits approval of an additive if it is found to cause cancer in humans or animals. In the present study, data from the National Toxicology Program rodent bioassay (NTPRB) were used to identify a sample of approximately 50 rodent-tested additives and other chemicals added to food that had been evaluated independently of the FDA/food industry. Surprisingly, the sample shows more than 40% of these food chemicals to be carcinogenic in one or more rodent groups. If this percentage is extrapolated to all substances added to food in the United States, it would imply that more than 1000 of such substances are potential rodent carcinogens. The NTP and FDA test guidelines use similar, though not necessarily identical, rodent test procedures, including near lifetime exposures to the maximum tolerated dose. The FDA specifies that test chemicals should be administered by the oral route. However, the oral route includes three methods of delivering chemicals, that is, mixed in the food or water or delivered by stomach tube (gavage). The NTP data show only 1 of 18 food chemicals mixed in the food are rodent carcinogens, but 16 of 23 gavage-administered food chemicals are carcinogenic to rodents. The distribution suggests that among orally delivered chemicals, those administered in the feed will more likely prove to be noncarcinogens than chemicals given by gavage. The rodent data also reveal that effects may vary according to dose and genotype, as well as by route of administration, to further complicate extrapolation to humans. Human experience with known carcinogens such as tobacco, asbestos, and benzidine convinces us that environmental carcinogens constitute a real threat to human health, although predicting human carcinogens from rodent tests involves a number of uncertainties. These uncertainties do not mean that we should simply ignore the presence of carcinogens. Rather, in the interests of public safety, a serious effort should be made to resolve the questions surrounding the presence of chemicals identified as rodent carcinogens in our food. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:69-80, 2002 Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How many food additives are rodent carcinogens?

Johnson

2002

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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“…An opposing view is the "multi-stakeholderism" concept, which refers to international organizations with nations as the foundation opening to stakeholders other than governments. The multi-stakeholder model of governance means that representatives of public interest advocacy groups, business associations, and other interest groups can participate in intergovernmental policy discussions (6) . In addition, Goldin and Murdoch, well-known researchers on subjects of communication politics and economics, emphasized a democratic social atmosphere from the perspective of politics in Internet governance.…”

Section: The Theoretical Background Of``internet Governance''mentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of the global internet governance system between China and the United States

Zhang¹

2020

IJST

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Objectives: To study on the Internet governance and effect factors of the order of cyberspace, "multi-stakeholder" governance concept and legal rules in global Internet governance. Method: Based on the literature of Internet governance theory and open source data, this study makes a critical analysis of global governance strategies in the United States and China. Findings:Since the definition of Internet governance was explicitly determined during the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in 2004, the United States have proposed the "multi-stakeholder" governance concept, whereas the global Internet governance system advocated by China believes that the mode of "multilateral and democratic intergovernmental cooperation" should be promoted under the leadership of the United Nations. The paper puts forward for the first time the three most important focal points of China and the United States in the global Internet governance system, including of formulation of legal rules, the allocation of key resources, and the management of multinational institutions. This study found that the global Internet governance should carry out the transformation from IPv4 to IPv6, DNS management and other work, to prevent the root server only in the hands of individual countries. Improvement:International organizations should promote the internationalization of the Internet corporation for assigned names and Numbers (ICANN) and the Internet corporation for assigned Numbers (IANA), avoid completely excluding government agencies, and strive to promote the common cooperation of multiple global stakeholders.

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“…The limitations of these transgenic models were discussed in Section 4.1. The expected neoplasms with exposure to carcinogens that affect the p53 gene are lymphoma or sarcoma in p53 haploinsufficient mice and squamous-cell papilloma or carcinoma of the skin or forestomach in Tg.AC hemizygous mice (Eastmond et al 2013;Tennant et al 2001).…”

Section: Transgenic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Report on Carcinogens Monograph on Haloacetic Acids Found as Water Disinfection By-Products

2018

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Transgenic assays and the identification of carcinogens

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

How many food additives are rodent carcinogens?

How many food additives are rodent carcinogens?

A comparative study of the global internet governance system between China and the United States

Report on Carcinogens Monograph on Haloacetic Acids Found as Water Disinfection By-Products

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