Transgender Status, Gender Identity, and Socioeconomic Outcomes in the United States

Carpenter, Christopher S.; Eppink, Samuel T.; Gonzales, Gilbert

doi:10.1177/0019793920902776

Cited by 117 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Findings may mask variability in the relationship between sexual orientation and SES across urbanicity and region 76 ; however, exploring these potential differences was beyond the scope of the present study. Findings may also mask variability across gender identity or transgender versus non-transgender (cisgender) status 77 ; however, current gender identity and assigned sex at birth were not collected in Add Health until wave 5 and these new data are not yet available. Lastly, the age of the Add Health cohort (36–44 years) may limit generalisability to other cohorts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual orientation and sex differences in socioeconomic status: a population-based investigation in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

Conron

Goldberg

Halpern

2018

J Epidemiol Community Health

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual orientation and sex differences in socioeconomic status: a population-based investigation in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

Conron

Goldberg

Halpern

2018

J Epidemiol Community Health

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“…A US study showed that TG individuals have lower socioeconomic status despite of having higher education levels 16 . However, a recent study found that the group’s education attainment is lower than their cisgender counterparts 17 . Between 2008 and 2018, Latin America had the highest incidences of violence against TG people in the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil

Spizzirri

Eufrásio²,

Lima

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Studies estimate that gender-diverse persons represent 0.1 to 2% of populations investigated, but no such assessment was performed in Latin America. In a representative sample of Brazil’s adult population (n = 6000), we investigated participants' sociodemographic characteristics and possible associations between these and current gender identity, categorized as cisgender, transgender or non-binary gender. We also investigated transgender individuals' distress associated with gender-related body characteristics. As main results, we found that transgender individuals represented 0.69% (CI95% = 0.48–0.90) of the sample, whereas non-binary persons were 1.19% (CI95% = 0.92–1.47). These percentages were not different among Brazil’s 5 geographic regions. Preliminary analyses showed that transgender individuals were on average younger (32.8 ± 14.2 years, CI95% = 28.5–37.1), compared to cisgender (42.2 ± 15.9, CI95% = 42.5–42.8) and non-binary (42.1 ± 16.5 years, CI95% = 38.3–46.5) groups. Non-binary persons are less likely to be in a relationship compared to cisgender individuals (OR = 0.57, CI95% = 0.35–0.93). In the transgender group, 85% of transgender men and 50% of transgender women reported distress due to gender-related body characteristics. Our main findings draw attention that gender-diverse Brazilian individuals represent around 2% of the country's adult population (almost 3 million people), and are homogeneously located throughout the country, reiterating the urgency of public health policies for these individuals in the five Brazilian sub-regions.

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“…With some exceptions (Weichselbaumer, 2003), the main findings are that gay men earn less than similarly situated heterosexual men, while lesbians earn more than similarly situated heterosexual women. Differentials in high school graduation and college completion rates have also been found by Black et al (2007), Carpenter (2009), Carpenter et al (2019), and Sansone (2019a), with most of these studies finding higher human capital accumulation for sexual minority adults as compared to heterosexual individuals. Since human capital and the availability of economic resources can play a key role in determining the effects of the excise taxes on cigarettes (Remler, 2004;Franks et al, 2007;Harding et al, 2012;Goldin and Homonoff, 2013), it is possible that the effects of these policies would differ by sexual minority status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Cigarette taxes and smoking among sexual minority adults

Carpenter

Sansone

2021

Journal of Health Economics

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Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.

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Transgender Status, Gender Identity, and Socioeconomic Outcomes in the United States

Cited by 117 publications

References 19 publications

Sexual orientation and sex differences in socioeconomic status: a population-based investigation in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

Sexual orientation and sex differences in socioeconomic status: a population-based investigation in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil

Cigarette taxes and smoking among sexual minority adults

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