Transgender patients need better protection in China

Jiang, Hua; Xian, Wa; Xiao-hai, Zhu; Wang, Hui; Qing-feng, LI

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62372-2

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…It is difficult for transgender individuals to obtain surgical information and there exists a lack of surgical resources to complete gender reassignment surgery in China (Jiang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is difficult for the TW and TM population to complete gender reassignment surgery due to barriers to obtaining surgical information and a lack of surgical resources in China. Moreover, most of the relevant prerequisites outlined in surgical regulations are unreasonable or excessively demanding for recipients (Jiang et al, 2014). For instance, the individual must get approval from direct relatives, and obtain a clear criminal record from the public security office.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Suicidal ideation and attempted suicide amongst Chinese transgender persons: National population study

Chen

Zhu

Wright

et al. 2019

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicidal ideation and attempted suicide amongst Chinese transgender persons: National population study

Chen

Zhu

Wright

et al. 2019

Journal of Affective Disorders

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“…However, sex reassignment surgery is costly (about 30,000 RMB or 4838 USD) and is unaffordable for many transgender women. Accessibility is extremely low, as it can only be conducted by senior plastic surgeons of major hospitals [ 12 ], endorsement must be obtained from the applicant's next of kin, and an official proof of being free from any past criminal offenses has to be issued by local public security offices [ 12 ]. Meanwhile, sex work remains illegal in China [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies of transgender women sex workers reported an HIV prevalence of 66.7% in India and 67.9% in the United States, which was higher than that of male (15.1%) and female (4.3%) sex workers as reported by a meta-analysis covering 14 countries [ 11 ]. Despite the large size of the population of transgender men and women in mainland China, estimated at 400,000 [ 12 ], only one survey ( n= 52) has recorded self-reported HIV prevalence (11.1%) [ 13 ], and no data is available for transgender women sex workers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and associated factors of condomless receptive anal intercourse with male clients among transgender women sex workers in Shenyang, China

Cai

Wang

Lau

et al. 2016

Journal of the International AIDS Society

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IntroductionGlobally, transgender women sex workers have a high prevalence of HIV and condomless receptive anal intercourse with male clients (CRAIMC). We investigated the prevalence of CRAIMC and factors associated with CRAIMC among transgender women sex workers in China.MethodsIn 2014, we anonymously interviewed 220 transgender women sex workers face to face in Shenyang, China. Those who self-reported as HIV negative or as having unknown HIV serostatus were invited to take up free, anonymous HIV rapid testing (n=183); 90 did so. Using CRAIMC in the last month as the dependent variable, three types of associated factors were investigated, in addition to background factors: feminizing medical interventions, sex work and perceptions related to condom use. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were fitted.ResultsOf the participants, 16.8% self-reported as HIV positive and 9.1% were detected to be HIV positive through free HIV testing; 26.8% had had CRAIMC in the last month, 45.5% had performed sex work in other Chinese cities (last year), and 23.2% had had condomless anal intercourse with men who were non-clients. In the adjusted analysis, significant factors associated with CRAIMC (last month) included the following: 1) any feminizing medical intervention performed (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 2.22); 2) sex-work-related factors, including recruitment of male clients most often at hotels (AOR: 5.02) and charge per episode of transactional sex (201 to 400 RMB, AOR: 0.27; reference group: ≤100 RMB); and 3) perceptions related to condom use, including perceived transgender identity's impact on condomless sex such as wearing feminine attire, concern about exposing their status as a transgender woman to male clients (AOR: 1.20) and perceived self-efficacy of consistent condom use with male clients (AOR: 0.56). Perceived self-efficacy of consistent condom use with male clients fully mediated the association between perceived transgender identity's impact on condomless sex and CRAIMC.ConclusionsHIV prevalence among transgender women sex workers was high but probably underestimated. The high prevalence of condomless anal intercourse with male non-clients and high mobility in sex work among this population in China are causes for concern. Risk factors for CRAIMC were multidimensional and should be considered when designing interventions targeting transgender women sex workers. Such interventions are urgently needed.

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“…Research has estimated around 400,000 transgender people in China (Jiang, Wei, Zhu, Wang, & Li, 2014). However, territory disparity indicates different attitudes due to historical backgrounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Marathon Search for My Deserved Body: How a Chinese Male-to-Female Manages Gender Nonconformity

Cheng¹

2020

GENEROS

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The hegemony of dichotomous gender identity dominates the discourse on the issues of sex and gender. Through this means, irrational fear brings about prejudice, stigmatisation, discrimination, and exclusion towards individuals who suffer from gender nonconformity. Despite relevant substantial literature, there is a paucity of research on Chinese transgender people. This case study investigates how a Chinese trans-woman deals with her gender incongruence and anxiety through sex realignment surgery. It conducts in-depth, semi-structured interviews, and processes data by means of interpretative phenomenological analysis, with the help of a computerised qualitative data analysis package. It also carries out member checking to enrich triangulation effects. The results unmask the way the participant is being incrementally liberated from being a pretend man in her current state of half-man-non-woman, and her efforts in achieving the gender that she desires. This study reveals factors that influence the embodiment of bodily integrity and psychological adjustments against distress induced by gender nonconformity, therefore supporting the development of a gender-affirming society that benefits both individuals and public interests.

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Transgender patients need better protection in China

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

Suicidal ideation and attempted suicide amongst Chinese transgender persons: National population study

Suicidal ideation and attempted suicide amongst Chinese transgender persons: National population study

Prevalence and associated factors of condomless receptive anal intercourse with male clients among transgender women sex workers in Shenyang, China

A Marathon Search for My Deserved Body: How a Chinese Male-to-Female Manages Gender Nonconformity

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