Transgender athletes in boxing: is it fair and safe?

Abstract

The recent controversy surrounding Olympic boxers Imane Khelif and Lin Yu-ting has again ignited concerns regarding participation of transgender athletes in combat sports such as boxing. Concern was raised for the health and safety of the opponents. Should transgender athletes be allowed to participate in combat sports such as boxing and mixed martial arts (MMA)? Is it a fair competition between the two combatants? More importantly is it safe when a transgender boxer squares up against a cisgender combatant in the ring?