Transforming XML documents to OWL ontologies: A survey

Abstract

International audienceThe aims of XML data conversion to ontologies are the indexing, integration and enrichment of existing ontologies with knowledge acquired from these sources. The contribution of this paper consists in providing a classification of the approaches used for the conversion of XML documents into OWL ontologies. This classification underlines the usage profile of each conversion method, providing a clear description of the advantages and drawbacks belonging to each method. Hence, this paper focuses on two main processes, which are ontology enrichment and ontology population using XML data. Ontology enrichment is related to the schema of the ontology TBox, and ontology population is related to an individual Abox. In addition, the ontologies described in these methods are based on formal languages of the Semantic Web such as OWL Ontology Web Language or RDF Resource Description Framework. These languages are formal because the semantics are formally defined and take advantage of the Description Logics. In contrast, XML data sources are without formal semantics. The XML language is used to store, export and share data between processes able to process the specific data structure. However, even if the semantics is not explicitly expressed, data structure contains the universe of discourse by using a qualified vocabulary regarding a consensual agreement. In order to formalize this semantics, the OWL language provides rich logical constraints. Therefore, these logical constraints are evolved in the transformation of XML documents into OWL documents, allowing the enrichment and the population of the target ontology. To design such a transformation, the current research field establishes connections between OWL constructs classes, predicates, simple or complex data types, etc. and XML constructs elements, attributes, element lists, etc.. Two different approaches for the transformation process are exposed. The instance approaches are based on XML documents without any schema associated. The validation approaches are based on the XML schema and document validated by the associated schema. The second approaches benefit from the schema definition to provide automated transformations with logic constraints. Both approaches are discussed in the text

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“…In this paper, we categorized these languages as World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard while XML Topic Map (XTM) [40]-another ontology language is categorized as Standardization for International Organization (ISO) standard. Among the W3C standard language, OWL is reportedly most popular because of its expressiveness [32,41,42]. The ontology editor tools also include Proté gé [43,44,45,46], FAO AGROVOC Concept Server Workbench Tool [47,48]; OBO-Edit [49,50]; SWOOP [51,52]; Apollo [53,54]; IsaViz [55,56]; TopBraidComposer [57,58] and citrus ontology developed from scratch using Gruff on AllegroGraph [59].…”

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“…In the Plug-in phase, a key issue that had to be faced was the one related to ontologies, the conversion of XSD/XML to RDF/OWL. There are many approaches for that [17] and the one developed in [18] has been chosen and implemented as it has fit best the requirements of the intended model.…”

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“…They achieve three main objectives, which are the enrichment, generation and population of an OWL ontology. There are a number of transformation approaches from eXtensible Markup Language (XML) to Web Ontology Language (OWL) that have been developed as discussed in these survey [13], [14] . However, studies on various mapping approaches has led us to adopt a method called XML2OWL proposed by Bohring and Auer [15] as it aligns with our goal which focuses on populating new instances to the ontology.…”