Transforming the attitudes of young men about gender roles and the acceptability of violence against women, Bihar

Santhya, K.G.; Jejeebhoy, Shireen J.; Acharya, Rajib; Pandey, Neelanjana; Gogoi, Aparajita; Joshi, Madhu; Singh, Santosh Kumar; Saxena, Komal; Ojha, Sandeep

doi:10.1080/13691058.2019.1568574

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Across the 18 studies, four reported significant outcomes [59,79,97,111], nine reported mixed results with some but not all significant outcomes [49,63,68,77,91,92,99,105,115] and the remaining five reported non-significant but positive results [75,87,96,107], including one qualitative study [53]. Quality was reasonably high (n ¼ 12 rated .71 -.86), and there were some interesting observations to be made about specific elements for this population.…”

Section: Engaging Men and Boysmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…That is not to say that male participants do not respond well to education-based interventions with 13 of the 18 studies engaging male only cohorts reporting intended outcomes using direct participant education. However, of these studies, nine also utilised one or more of the additional strategies identified such as co-design or peer engagement which whilst different to community engagement, employ similar principles around participant engagement [77,79,87,91,92,96,97,99,105,107,111,115]. These findings suggest that participant sex may impact on how well participants engage with an intervention type and thus how successful it is.…”

Section: Intervention Type and Participant Demographicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interventions that incorporate community mobilisation engage with more than just the individual, often addressing community norms and creating environments supportive of change [49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,117,118]. Similarly, education based programs that incorporate co-design and peer support do more than just knowledge and awareness raising with an individual participant, providing space for them to develop their competence and social networks [70,75,77,79,81,86,90,91,92,93,97,103,107,109,110,111,113,115,116]. When it comes to designing these interventions, it would appear that success may be influenced by which method is most engaging to the participants and that this is in turn influenced by the participants' sex.…”

Section: Intervention Type and Participant Demographicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gendered stereotypes and norms: A systematic review of interventions designed to shift attitudes and behaviour

Stewart

Wright

Smith

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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In the face of ongoing attempts to achieve gender equality, there is increasing focus on the need to address outdated and detrimental gendered stereotypes and norms, to support societal and cultural change through individual attitudinal and behaviour change. This article systematically reviews interventions aiming to address gendered stereotypes and norms across several outcomes of gender inequality such as violence against women and sexual and reproductive health, to draw out common theory and practice and identify success factors. Three databases were searched; ProQuest Central, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Articles were included if they used established public health interventions types (direct participation programs, community mobilisation or strengthening, organisational or workforce development, communications, social marketing and social media, advocacy, legislative or policy reform) to shift attitudes and/or behaviour in relation to rigid gender stereotypes and norms. A total of 71 studies were included addressing norms and/or stereotypes across a range of intervention types and gender inequality outcomes, 55 of which reported statistically significant or mixed outcomes. The implicit theory of change in most studies was to change participants' attitudes by increasing their knowledge/ awareness of gendered stereotypes or norms. Five additional strategies were identified that appear to strengthen intervention impact; peer engagement, addressing multiple levels of the ecological framework, developing agents of change, modelling/role models and co-design of interventions with participants or target populations. Consideration of cohort sex, length of intervention (multi-session vs single-session) and need for follow up data collection were all identified as factors influencing success. When it comes to engaging men and boys in particular, interventions with greater success include interactive learning, co-design and peer leadership. Several recommendations are made for program design, including that practitioners need to be cognisant of breaking down stereotypes amongst men (not just between genders) and the avoidance of reinforcing outdated stereotypes and norms inadvertently.

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Section: Engaging Men and Boysmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Intervention Type and Participant Demographicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Intervention Type and Participant Demographicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gendered stereotypes and norms: A systematic review of interventions designed to shift attitudes and behaviour

Stewart

Wright

Smith

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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“…Randomized trials of interventions that aim to shift gender norms confirm that gender attitudes are mutable. For example, a study in Bihar, India, shows that exposure to gendertransformative life skills education and sports-coaching programme helped boys accept egalitarian gender role attitudes and notions of masculinity, and reject attitudes about men's controlling behaviours over women/girls and perpetration of violence [25]. Notably, the evaluation found that the program had greater effect sizes among younger boys (13)(14) than older boys (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), although significant improvements were detected among both younger and older boys [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What shapes gender attitudes among adolescent girls and boys? Evidence from the UDAYA Longitudinal Study in India

2021

Self Cite

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Introduction The role of gender norms in shaping education and work opportunities, distribution of power and resources, and health and wellbeing is well recognised. However, rigorous studies in low- and middle-income countries on when and how norms change over time and what factors shape adolescents’ and young adult’s gender attitudes are limited. This paper explores the factors that determine adolescents’ gender attitudes, as well as patterns in gender attitude shifts over time among younger and older adolescent boys and girls in India. Data and methods Data presented in this paper were drawn from a unique longitudinal study of adolescents aged 10–19 (Understanding the lives of adolescent and young adults–UDAYA study) in the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in India, conducted during 2015–2016 (wave 1) and 2018–2019 (wave 2). The analysis presented in this paper drew on data from 4,428 boys and 7,607 girls who were aged 10–19 and unmarried at wave 1 and interviewed at both rounds of the survey. We used univariate and bivariate analyses to examine changes in adolescents’ gender role attitudes over time and the association between explanatory variables and gender role attitudes. We also used linear fixed effects regression models to identify factors that shape adolescents’ gender role attitudes. Results Gender role attitudes became more egalitarian over time among boys and girls, except among the older cohort of boys in our study. Among both younger and older cohorts, girls/young women held more egalitarian views than boys/young men and this pattern held over time for both cohorts. Factors that influenced gender role attitudes differed for younger and older adolescents, particularly among boys. While some predictors differed for boys and girls, there were substantial similarities as well. Gender attitudes were affected by factors at the individual, family, peer, and societal levels, as well as by community engagement. Conclusions Our findings show that it is possible to shift gender attitudes toward greater equity and, in so doing, contribute to improved health and rights.

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“…A growing body of literature highlights the relationship between women's empowerment and improved reproductive health outcomes, including increased contraceptive use and decreased unintended pregnancies (James-Hawkins et al 2018;Upadhyay et al 2014;Samari 2018). Fewer studies have examined empowerment and sexual health outcomes, including sexual pleasure, violence or STIs/HIV; these studies instead focus on relationship power dynamics (Pulerwitz, Mathur, and Woznica 2018), household decision-making (Zegenhagen, Ranganathan, and Buller 2019;Hindin and Muntifering 2011) or sexual norms and power structures (Conroy, Ruark, and Tan 2019;Lenzi et al 2019;Santhya et al 2019), as proxies for empowerment, and indicate that empowerment may bolster positive sexual health outcomes. However, the generalisability of this research is uncertain, as most studies concentrate on particular sub-populations, such as female sex workers (Cange et al 2017), or report on empowerment within the contexts of violence interventions (Decker et al 2018;Stern and Heise 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A sexual and reproductive empowerment framework to explore volitional sex in sub-Saharan Africa

Wood

Karp

Tsui

et al. 2020

Culture, Health & Sexuality

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Volitional sex is central to the sexual health and well-being of women and girls globally. To date, few studies have examined women's empowerment and its application to sexual health outcomes, including volitional sex. The aim of this study was to explore the relevance of a sexual and reproductive empowerment framework to volitional sex across four geographically and culturally diverse contexts in sub-Saharan Africa. Qualitative data were collected between July and August 2017 in four sites: Ethiopia, Nigeria (Anambra and Kano states) and Uganda. A total of 352 women aged 15-49 and 88 men aged 18 and older were interviewed through 120 in-depth interviews and 38 focus group discussions (n ¼ 440 total participants). Results describe the substantial barriers restraining women's sexual choices, particularly norms that stigmatise women's requests for sex, even within marriage. Results further highlight women's internal sexual motivations, particularly related to the enjoyment of sex and the role of sex in strengthening partner relationships. Future empowerment research and measurement should focus not only on sexual constraints, but also integrate internal motivations, in order to fully understand the factors that shape women's sexual health outcomes.

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Transforming the attitudes of young men about gender roles and the acceptability of violence against women, Bihar

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

Gendered stereotypes and norms: A systematic review of interventions designed to shift attitudes and behaviour

Gendered stereotypes and norms: A systematic review of interventions designed to shift attitudes and behaviour

What shapes gender attitudes among adolescent girls and boys? Evidence from the UDAYA Longitudinal Study in India

A sexual and reproductive empowerment framework to explore volitional sex in sub-Saharan Africa

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