Abstract:Lignin is the main constituent of lignocellulosic biomasses, which have a significant untapped ability to replace ecologically unfavorable and non-renewable fossil fuels. The lignin is broken down by ligninolytic bacteria, which also use a peripheral pathway to transform heterogeneous lignin derivatives into central intermediates like protocatechuate or catechol. By undergoing ring cleavage through the -ketoadipate pathway, these intermediates become metabolites by producing acetyl-CoA for internal product bio… Show more
“…Finally, it is important to note that the values for all fermented waste differ from the isolate, not only due to possible fungal production [50], but also because of the structure of the microorganism itself. This structure remains in the sample along with the substrate, resulting in the solid enzyme preparation that was analyzed in this work's quanti cations [51].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This structure remains in the sample along with the substrate, resulting in the solid enzyme preparation that was analyzed in this work's quanti cations [51]. In addition, it is important to consider that the fungus degrades the cellular structure of the waste, which can make its biochemical components more detectable [50,52].…”
Use wastes as a source of biomolecules and bioactive compounds is an alternative for managing organic agro-industrial waste. Jackfruit is a fruit that generates significant waste during the industrial process. However, these can be utilized as direct sources of value-added substances and as substrates for solid-state fermentation (SSF) aiming to increase the production of target molecules. Concentrations of some biomolecules and bioactivities were determined in jackfruit isolated and fermented wastes. In the isolated wastes were found different compounds. The SSF was conducted using different masses of waste as substrate and inoculated with Aspergillus niger and showed significant increases in protein, phenolic, antioxidant and enzymatic concentrations/activities in comparison with the isolated waste, also demonstrating that the reducing sugars were available for use by the fungus. Notably, using 10 g of waste in fermentation yielded the most significant results. This study reports lipase activities of jackfruit peel, seed, and core for the first time.
“…Finally, it is important to note that the values for all fermented waste differ from the isolate, not only due to possible fungal production [50], but also because of the structure of the microorganism itself. This structure remains in the sample along with the substrate, resulting in the solid enzyme preparation that was analyzed in this work's quanti cations [51].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This structure remains in the sample along with the substrate, resulting in the solid enzyme preparation that was analyzed in this work's quanti cations [51]. In addition, it is important to consider that the fungus degrades the cellular structure of the waste, which can make its biochemical components more detectable [50,52].…”
Use wastes as a source of biomolecules and bioactive compounds is an alternative for managing organic agro-industrial waste. Jackfruit is a fruit that generates significant waste during the industrial process. However, these can be utilized as direct sources of value-added substances and as substrates for solid-state fermentation (SSF) aiming to increase the production of target molecules. Concentrations of some biomolecules and bioactivities were determined in jackfruit isolated and fermented wastes. In the isolated wastes were found different compounds. The SSF was conducted using different masses of waste as substrate and inoculated with Aspergillus niger and showed significant increases in protein, phenolic, antioxidant and enzymatic concentrations/activities in comparison with the isolated waste, also demonstrating that the reducing sugars were available for use by the fungus. Notably, using 10 g of waste in fermentation yielded the most significant results. This study reports lipase activities of jackfruit peel, seed, and core for the first time.
“…Lignin derivatives p -CA, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid can be used as major precursors along with other essential chemicals (acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA) in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway (Fig. 11 ) [ 165 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Lignin High-value Products and Their Formation Pathwaymentioning
Lignin, a natural organic polymer that is recyclable and inexpensive, serves as one of the most abundant green resources in nature. With the increasing consumption of fossil fuels and the deterioration of the environment, the development and utilization of renewable resources have attracted considerable attention. Therefore, the effective and comprehensive utilization of lignin has become an important global research topic, with the goal of environmental protection and economic development. This review focused on the bacteria and enzymes that can bio-transform lignin, focusing on the main ways that lignin can be utilized to produce high-value chemical products. Bacillus has demonstrated the most prominent effect on lignin degradation, with 89% lignin degradation by Bacillus cereus. Furthermore, several bacterial enzymes were discussed that can act on lignin, with the main enzymes consisting of dye-decolorizing peroxidases and laccase. Finally, low-molecular-weight lignin compounds were converted into value-added products through specific reaction pathways. These bacteria and enzymes may become potential candidates for efficient lignin degradation in the future, providing a method for lignin high-value conversion. In addition, the bacterial metabolic pathways convert lignin-derived aromatics into intermediates through the “biological funnel”, achieving the biosynthesis of value-added products. The utilization of this “biological funnel” of aromatic compounds may address the heterogeneous issue of the aromatic products obtained via lignin depolymerization. This may also simplify the separation of downstream target products and provide avenues for the commercial application of lignin conversion into high-value products.
“…However, in general, plants are composed of around 25% lignin and 75% sugars or carbohydrates. The non-sugar-type monomers that make up the lignin portion serve as an adhesive to the cellulosic biofibers [4,136]. The primary structural component of the cell wall is cellulose, which is often present in the form of long threads, known as microfibrils.…”
Section: Types and Characteristics Of Lignocellulosic Biomassmentioning
Lignocellulose is considered to be the most abundant and sustainable material on earth. The concept of lignocellulosic biomass conversion into value-added chemicals or materials is gaining in importance worldwide as a means of replacing conventional petrochemical resources for environmental sustainability. The production of biofuels such as bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass consists of three main processes: pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation. As lignocellulose exhibits a highly recalcitrant structure, effective pretreatments are required for its deconstruction, making carbohydrates accessible for microbes to produce valuable bioproducts. These carbohydrate polymers (cellulose and hemicellulose) are then transformed into free monomeric sugars by the process of saccharification. Saccharification, especially enzymatic hydrolysis, is the crucial step for achieving lignocellulose bioconversion. Several strategies have been developed for diminishing biomass recalcitrance, ultimately improving the efficiency of product conversion, and reducing overall process costs. Some of these approaches include consolidated bioprocessing, consolidated bio-saccharification (on site), as well as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and separate hydrolysis and fermentation (off site). This review provides a detailed overview of current approaches to on-site and off-site saccharification and highlights the key factors for obtaining bioproducts from lignocellulosic feedstock via economically feasible bioconversion processes. Moreover, the key factors for process optimization and the production of various industrially important bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomasses are also summarized.
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