Transformational parenting and coaching on mental toughness and physical performance in adolescent soccer players: The moderating effect of athlete age

Abstract

Both parent and coach leadership behaviours are instrumental to adolescent athlete development.Researchers, however, are yet to examine parent and coach leadership influences simultaneously, and at different stages of adolescents' psychological and physical development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand if the effects of transformational parenting, and transformational coaching on mental toughness and performance varied at different ages during adolescence. Early adolescent (ages 10-14) and late adolescent (ages 15-18) soccer players (n = 334) completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of their mother's, father's, and coach's transformational leadership, as well as a questionnaire assessing mental toughness. Participants also completed a comprehensive battery of physical fitness tests relevant to soccer. Results indicated that transformational fathering was more strongly associated with levels of mental toughness for early adolescent athletes than it was for later adolescent athletes. Results also indicated that transformational coaching was more strongly associated with physical performance for later adolescent athletes than it was for early adolescents. Overall, these results can inform development models and provide support for future longitudinal studies to assess the impact of parent and coach transformational leadership across different stages of athlete development.

An exploration of the antecedents and mechanisms causing athletes’ stress and twisties symptom

“…To conclude, firstly, athletes' mental resilience comprised of emotional experiences and mental powers can be encouraged or boosted by multiple stakeholders such as coaches, parents, government and sports psychologists towards sustainable achievements ( Gorczynski et al., 2020 ; Henriksen et al., 2020 ; Hilliard et al., 2020 ; Murray et al., 2020 ; Tran, 2015 ). Meanwhile, the coach's role in building the mental toughness of athletes is tremendously critical; four themes are identified: the relationship between coach and athlete, coaching theory, training circumstance and strategies, and negative experience and influence ( Weinberg et al., 2016 ).…”

“…Family support plays a paramount role in functional-pleasant emotional reactions ( Cooper et al., 2018 ). Besides, young athletes show they're willing to find assistance for personal cases from coaches, family and friends ( Hilliard et al., 2020 ; Murray et al., 2020 ). However, lacking support and discouragement from them severely interrupt the mental resilience of athletes ( Cover et al., 2018 ; Hussey et al., 2019 ; Ward and Clair-Thompson, 2018 ).…”

Aplikasi Sport Human Connection (SHC) sebagai Marketplace untuk Publikasi dan Pemasaran Layanan Pelatih Olahraga

“…Di Indonesia, Atlet memulai karier dari pembinaan usia dini hingga pada pembinaan atlet profesional (Paule-Koba, 2019). Setiap rentang masa pembinaan, Atlet akan dibina oleh pelatih yang sesuai dengan tingkat dan usia atlet (Murray, Dugdale, Habeeb, & Arthur, 2020;Partington, Cushion, & Harvey, 2014;Shimazaki, Taniguchi, & Kikkawa, 2021;Solstad, Ivarsson, Haug, & Ommundsen, 2018). Sehingga selama pembinaan dari usia dini hingga pembinaan atlet profesional, atlet akan dibina oleh banyak pelatih.…”

Moderators of the coach leadership and athlete motivation relationship

“…We advanced the following four hypotheses. In relation to age, and based on previous studies (Côté, 1999; Mallett & Hanrahan, 2004; Murray et al, 2021), we hypothesized that early to mid‐adolescent athletes’ sport motivation would be more strongly receptive to their coaches’ leadership in comparison to late adolescence or adulthood. For level of competition, whereas we acknowledge that no previous studies have explored the relationship of interest using a large sample of elite athletes (Arthur, Bastardoz, & Eklund, 2017), in line with the findings of Gomes and colleagues (2020), we hypothesized that athletes competing at a lower level would perceive a stronger relationship between coach leadership and sport motivation in comparison to higher levels of competition.…”

“…narcissism, Arthur, Woodman, Ong, Hardy, & Ntoumanis, 2011), there are few studies examining coaches’ leadership behaviours that consider athlete characteristics (e.g. age, Murray, Dugdale, Habeeb, & Arthur, 2021; gender, Cronin et al, 2015).…”