Transformation Products of Emerging Organic Compounds as Future Groundwater and Drinking Water Contaminants

Stuart, Marianne; Lapworth, Dan

doi:10.1002/9781118339558.ch02

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In some cases, they are also substances that still require the development of conceptual models to describe their behavior and occurrence in the environment . ECs include pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP), illicit drugs, hormones and steroids, industrial substances, disinfection byproducts, and pesticide degradation products. − Approximately 860 ECs in the environment are currently being researched or discussed . There has been an increase in the extent of monitoring of ECs in the environment, largely due to advances in analytical chemistry techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A global review of studies published since 1993 documented significant concentrations (10 2 –10 4 ng/L) of ECs, which included a range of PPCPs (e.g., carbamazepine and ibuprofen), industrial compounds, and caffeine. Transformation products can be found more frequently, and in higher concentrations, than their parent compounds. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure relates to the environmental occurrence of a substance, which can be estimated using simple equations or environmental fate models. ,, Occurrence in groundwater is not solely dependent on source factors, and the characteristics of the pathway also warrant consideration. , Migration through the subsurface is determined by several factors, ,− such as the physicochemical properties of the compounds and those of soils and subsoils. Indices have been developed for estimating the leaching potential of contaminants (mainly for pesticides) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prioritization Approaches for Substances of Emerging Concern in Groundwater: A Critical Review

Gaston

Lapworth

Stuart

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Risks from emerging contaminants (ECs) in groundwater to human health and aquatic ecology remain difficult to quantify. The number of ECs potentially found in groundwater presents challenges for regulators and water managers regarding selection for monitoring. This study is the first systematic review of prioritisation approaches for selecting ECs that may pose a risk in groundwater. Online databases were searched for prioritisation approaches relating to ECs in the aquatic environment using standardised key word search combinations. From a total of 672, studies 33 met the eligibility criteria based primarily on the relevance to prioritising ECs in groundwater. The review revealed the lack of a groundwater specific contaminant prioritisation methodology in spite of widely recognised differences between groundwater and surface water environments in regards to pathways to receptors. The findings highlight a lack of adequate evaluation of methodologies for predicting the likelihood of an EC entering groundwater and highlights knowledge gaps regarding the occurrence and fate of ECs in this environment. The review concludes with a proposal for a prioritisation framework for ECs in groundwater monitoring which enables priority lists to be updated as new information becomes available for substances regarding usage, physico-chemical properties and hazards.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prioritization Approaches for Substances of Emerging Concern in Groundwater: A Critical Review

Gaston

Lapworth

Stuart

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Removal of Contaminants of Emerging Concern from Wastewater

Dosoretz

2019

Encyclopedia of Water

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Increased awareness regarding water pollution and resources conservation due to water scarcity and climate change, combined with intensive urbanization and agricultural production, have raised the need for removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) from treated effluents. CEC include, among others, pharmaceuticals, cleaning and sanitation products, endocrine disrupting compounds, suspected carcinogens, and nanomaterials at trace concentration. Added to this are antibiotic‐resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic‐resistant genes (ARG). Conventional wastewater treatment removes bulk organic contaminants leaving CEC in the effluents. This article discusses the incorporation of advanced treatments such as oxidation processes, adsorption, and tight membrane separation, i.e. reverse osmosis (RO), aimed at removing CEC from effluents. Owing to its generic capability to remove dissolved organic and inorganic contaminants at once, RO appears as the core technology for effluents purification. Besides improvements of existing municipal effluents, changes in conception, management and planning of the urban water systems, e.g. reduction at source and decentralization approaches, are required. Removal of dissolved organic pollutants and mineral contaminants at trace levels cannot be done without consuming energy. The water–energy nexus and related life cycle analyses need to be rethought in terms of environmental and health risks and deterioration of water resources and soils.

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