“…Within the expanding international scholarship on inclusive tourism, the South African case is distinctive because government policy focuses on achieving greater "inclusion" defined in terms of the incorporation into the mainstream economy of those groups who were formerly disadvantaged or marginalized under apartheid, including informal firms operating on the margins of South Africa's formal tourism economy (C. M. Rogerson, 2020a). The policy emphasis is upon boosting Black South African entrepreneurs as owners and operators of tourism firms, in addition to Black communities and also women and persons with disabilities as beneficiaries of tourism as part of a commitment to affirmative action and Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) (Abrahams, 2019;Giddy et al, 2020). Policy interventions to support the expansion of the niches of "rural tourism" and by COVID-19 (Alonso et al, 2020;Breier et al, 2021;Bressan et al, 2021;Hemmington & Neill, 2021).…”