Transformation of pharmaceuticals during oxidation/disinfection processes in drinking water treatment

Postigo, Cristina; Richardson, Susan D.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.029

Cited by 200 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…These degradation by-products result from an initial electrophilic attack of chlorine on the aromatic ring or amine group. 21,26,27 Therefore the data obtained for ranitidine, corroborate with the results reported in the literature.…”

Section: Identification Of Ena and Ran By-productssupporting

confidence: 89%

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Characterization of enalapril and ranitidine chlorination by-products by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and their toxicity evaluation

et al. 2017

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Due to its low cost, its capability for disinfection and oxidation, chlorination using gaseous chlorine or hypochlorite salts, has also been commonly applied in water treatment plants for oxidation and disinfection purposes. Little is known about the identity and toxicity of by-products resulting from the chlorination of pharmaceutical micropollutants, such as enalapril (ENA) and ranitidine (RAN). ENA and RAN chlorination by-products were characterized in this study by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/HRMS) and their toxicity were assessed by MTT assay. Chlorination experiments with ENA and RAN solutions (10 mg L -1 ) indicate degradation efficiencies of 100% for both compounds after only 5 min of exposure to chlorine at concentration of 9.53 mg Cl 2 L -1. On the other hand mineralization rates were lower than 3%, thereby indicating there was accumulation of degradation by-products in all experiments. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed, at all times of reaction after the addition of hypochlorite, the presence of 1-(2-((4-(chlorophenyl)-1-ethoxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)propanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (enalapril by-product) and N-chloro-N-(2-(((chloro-5-((dimethylamino)methyl)furan-2-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)ethyl)-N-methyl-2-nitroethene 1,1-diamine (ranitidine by-product). Despite the formation of oxidized chlorinated by-products in all chlorination assays, the treated solutions were nontoxic to HepG2 cells by the MTT assay. It has been observed that chlorination (10 mg L -1 , 5 min) of ENA and RAN solutions exhibited high degradation efficiencies of the target compounds and low mineralization rates. Based on the mass spectrometry data, the routes for ENA and RAN successive oxidation by chlorine has been proposed.

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Section: Identification Of Ena and Ran By-productssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Reaction with amines to form chloramines is also common, along with oxidation reactions that do not form halogenated products. 25,26 For both ENA and RAN, It can be observed the occurrence of chlorinated by-products in the samples treated with NaOCl ( Figure 3).…”

Section: Degradation and Mineralizationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Characterization of enalapril and ranitidine chlorination by-products by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and their toxicity evaluation

et al. 2017

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“…The formation of intermediates/oxidation products such as hydroquinone, p-aminophenol, p-nitrophenol, 1,4-benzoquinone and, NAPQI (N-acetyl-benzoquinone imine) has been reported in advanced oxidation processes [2,5,6]. These intermediates/oxidation products are of concern because of their toxicity and difficulty to degrade them by conventional methods which are expensive and not viable for practical scaling up.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Acetaminophen and Its Transformation Products in Aqueous Solutions by Using an Electrochemical Oxidation Cell with Stainless Steel Electrodes

Zavala

Estrada

2016

Water

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Abstract:In this study, a novel electrochemical oxidation cell using stainless steel electrodes was found to be effective in oxidizing acetaminophen and its transformation products in short reaction times. Aqueous solutions of 10 mg/L-acetaminophen were prepared at pH 3, 5, 7, and 9. These solutions were electrochemically treated at direct current (DC) densities of 5.7 mA/cm 2 , 7.6 mA/cm 2 , and 9.5 mA/cm 2 . The pharmaceutical and its intermediates/oxidation products were determined by using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that electrochemical oxidation processes occurred in the cell. Acetaminophen degradation rate constants increased proportionally with the increase of current intensity. High current densities accelerated the degradation of acetaminophen; however, this effect diminished remarkably at pH values greater than 5. At pH 3 and 9.5 mA/cm 2 , the fastest degradation of acetaminophen and its intermediates/oxidation products was achieved. To minimize the wear down of the electrodes, a current density ramp is recommended, first applying 9.5 mA/cm 2 during 2.5 min or 7.6 mA/cm 2 during 7.5 min and then continuing the electrochemical oxidation process at 5.7 mA/cm 2 . This strategy will hasten the acetaminophen oxidation, extend the electrode's life, and shorten the reaction time needed to degrade the pharmaceutical and its intermediates/oxidation products. DC densities up to 9.5 mA/cm 2 can be supplied by photovoltaic cells.

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“…A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) estima que melhorias em saneamento e higiene poderiam prevenir pelo menos 9,1 % da carga de doença global e 6,3 % das mortes (PRUSS-ÜSTÜN et al, 2008 …”

Section: Filtros Ecológicos Na Remoção De Compostosunclassified

“…A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) estima que melhorias em saneamento e higiene poderiam prevenir pelo menos 9,1 % da carga de doença global e 6,3 % das mortes, que são decorrentes de doenças de veiculação hídrica (PRUSS-ÜSTÜN, 2008 Além disso, 502.000 mortes são causadas por diarreia em países de baixa e média renda e pode ser atribuída ao acesso insuficiente e inseguro a água potável (WHO, 2014). A maioria desta população encontra-se em países em desenvolvimento (GUNDRY, WRIGHT, e CONROY, 2004), ou em comunidades remotas e áreas rurais onde a pobreza é mais severa e o custo de abastecimento de água é mais alto.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Filtros ecológicos: um estudo da remoção de produtos farmacêuticos e de cuidados pessoais e do efeito da contaminação no biofilme

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Transformation of pharmaceuticals during oxidation/disinfection processes in drinking water treatment

Cited by 200 publications

References 97 publications

Characterization of enalapril and ranitidine chlorination by-products by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and their toxicity evaluation

Characterization of enalapril and ranitidine chlorination by-products by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and their toxicity evaluation

Degradation of Acetaminophen and Its Transformation Products in Aqueous Solutions by Using an Electrochemical Oxidation Cell with Stainless Steel Electrodes

Filtros ecológicos: um estudo da remoção de produtos farmacêuticos e de cuidados pessoais e do efeito da contaminação no biofilme

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