Transformation of fly ash based nanosilica extract to BEA zeolite and its durability in hot liquid

Abstract

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Acylation of Anisole With Benzoyl Chloride Over Rapidly Synthesized Fly Ash–Based HBEA Zeolite

“…After the extraction process involving fusion, precipitation, and oxalic treatment, the mineral phases present in the CFA were completely transformed into amorphous materials that exhibited a broad hump between 15 and 37°2θ, typically characteristic of nanosilica particles (Figure 1). Besides, the remaining diffractions at 16 and 33°2 θ, and their shape, observed in the nanosilica extract could be associated with aluminosilicate glass (3Al 2 O 3 .SiO 2 ) or crystalline nanosilica (Yuvakkumar et al, 2012;Ameh et al, 2020a).…”

“…Extraction of Nanosilica Ameh et al (2020a) gave a detailed description of nanosilica extraction from CFA. At a mass ratio of 1:1.2, CFA and NaOH pellets (97%, Kimix) were weighed and poured into a porcelain crucible, which was then transferred to a muffle furnace set at 550°C for 1.5 h. After cooling, the fused alkaline material was ground into a fine powder using a lab-scale ball mill and dissolved in deionized water (1:5 solid/liquid ratio w/v).…”

“…Various natural products such as clay and waste by-products (Ma et al, 2014;Maia et al, 2015), including siliceous minerals (Liu et al, 2015), biomass of plant ash residues (Belviso, 2018), electronic waste (Mallapur and Oubagaranadin, 2017), and coal fly ash (CFA) (Ameh et al, 2017;Ameh et al, 2020a), have been used as feedstock for the synthesis of zeolites.…”

“…Likewise, the framework structure of typical zeolites consists of aluminosilicate building blocks (Martinez Sanchez and Pérez Pariente, 2011), which are similar to the silica and aluminum components in CFA (Musyoka et al, 2011;Boycheva et al, 2013;Ameh et al, 2017). Interestingly, Ameh et al (2020a) and Petrik et al (2020) have demonstrated that CFA can act as an inexpensive and recyclable feedstock for the production of pure BEA zeolite phase via an indirect hydrothermal route. Recently, pure phase BEA zeolite was crystallized from CFA-based extract at a reduced hydrothermal time of 24 h (Ameh et al, 2020a).…”

“…Interestingly, Ameh et al (2020a) and Petrik et al (2020) have demonstrated that CFA can act as an inexpensive and recyclable feedstock for the production of pure BEA zeolite phase via an indirect hydrothermal route. Recently, pure phase BEA zeolite was crystallized from CFA-based extract at a reduced hydrothermal time of 24 h (Ameh et al, 2020a). However, the hydrothermal conversion of the gel containing silica, alumina, mineralizing agent, structure-directing agent, and water at a temperature of 140°C required a long crystallization time until complete phase formation was achieved.…”