Transformation of Citizenship: Status, Rights, Identity

Why Do States Extend Rights to Immigrants? Institutional Settings and Historical Legacies Across 44 Countries Worldwide

“…Theorizing and empirical research on citizenship rights for immigrants have been mainly based on examples taken from Western Europe and the AngloSaxon settler countries (e.g., Banting & Kymlicka, 2012;Brubaker, 1992;Howard, 2009;Janoski, 2010;Joppke, 1999Joppke, , 2004Koopmans, Michalowski, & Waibel, 2012;Koopmans, Statham, Giugni, & Passy, 2005;Migration Policy Group, 2010;Soysal, 1994;Wallace Goodman, 2010). The present study aims to bring new countries outside the Western and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) worlds into focus and to test hypotheses on cross-national differences in immigrant rights against a larger variety of cases than have thus far been considered.…”

Constructing Fortress Europe: Third Country Nationals As Unwelcome Guests

“…Therefore, the understanding of citizenship in the national level and in the supranational EU level clashes with each other, simply because of the difference in their scope of polity and community. Not only that, but the three aspects of citizenshipcitizenship as status, citizenship as rights, and citizenship as identity-are also put to contention as EU citizenship blurred the line between nationals and foreigners (Joppke, 2007b). According to Joppke (2007b), citizenship as status is defined as the "formal state membership and the rules of access to it" (p. 38), whilst citizenship as rights is defined as the "formal capacities and immunities connected with such status," and citizenship as identity is defined as the "behavioral aspects of individuals acting and conceiving of themselves as members of a collectivity, classically the nation, or the normative conceptions of such behavior imputed by the state."…”

Migration and Citizenship : Legal Status, Rights and Political Participation

“…In the field of migrant integration, massive labour migration led to gradual changes of conceptions of nationhood and the acceptance or even endorsement of the multicultural nature of most western post-war societies. This development called for a concomitant de-ethnicisation of citizenship (see Hansen & Weil 2001b, Joppke 2004. Particularly since 9/11 this liberal tendency has been replaced in many countries by a more restrictive integration policy focusing again on security issues.…”

“…As Christian Joppke (2004) has recently shown, the way 'history' determines citizenship law is not necessarily straightforward. Often, the form and content of the law as well its preservation over time may be a mere 'accident', a result of a specific historical constellation that led to the crafting of the original law and, in regard to later periods, a result of the lack of consensus or constitutional limitations preventing the adoption of a new law.…”