Transformation of austenite during isothermal annealing at 600–900°C for heat-resistant stainless steel

Kosec, Ladislav; Šavli, Štefan; Kožuh, Stjepan; Grgurić, Tamara Holjevac; Nagode, Aleš; Kosec, Gorazd; Dražić, Goran; Gojić, Mirko

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.102

Cited by 36 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…3 and 4 show a higher formation of M 23 C 6 type carbides in grain boundaries, with dual and ditch type precipitates. These results confirm that the heat treatments in AISI 304 promote a high depletion of chromium in these alloys, as noted by several authors [14][15][16][17]. to intergranular corrosion, when subjected to heat treatment.…”

Section: Microstructural Analysissupporting

confidence: 90%

Intergranular Corrosion of AISI 304 Heat Treated at 800 °C Varying Range Times

Viana¹,

Venturini²,

Souza³

2015

JCCE

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Austenitic stainless steels, when exposed to welding conditions or aging for length of service, it's observed the formation of numerous deleterious phases, such as several kinds of carbides type MC, M 6 C, M 7 C 3 , M 23 C 6 , and intermetallic secondary phases (sigma, chi, laves), which cause the process of intergranular corrosion. The aim of this work was verifying the formation of the types of carbides and/or intermetallic phases existing in the stainless AISI 304 at 800 ºC, varying the timing of heat treatment between 30, 360 and 1,440 min. The optical microscopy analysis revealed the predominant formation of the carbide type M 23 C 6 . The results of DL-EPR (double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation) tests showed a gradual increase in the precipitation of this carbide with the increase of treatment time. The potentiodynamic polarization showed that the precipitation of this carbide reduce the formation of the Cr 2 O 3 passive layer, suggesting that the precipitate carbide to be predominantly of the Cr 23 C 6 type.

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Section: Microstructural Analysissupporting

confidence: 90%

Intergranular Corrosion of AISI 304 Heat Treated at 800 °C Varying Range Times

Viana¹,

Venturini²,

Souza³

2015

JCCE

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“…8. Grain boundaries carbides can cause an increase in corrosion rate, since intergranular attack (IGA), pit growth and grain boundary corrosion will initiate from these inclusions 23,24 . However, these inclusions can have positive affect on hardness properties as micrometre-sized carbides hardened the steels 25,26 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of selective-precipitations process on the corrosion resistance and hardness of dual-phase high-carbon steel

Handoko

Anurag

Pahlevani

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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It is commonly known that precipitation of secondary phase in non-ferrous alloys will affect the mechanical properties of them. But due to the nature of dual-phase low-alloy high-carbon steel and its high potential of precipitation of cementite, there is limited study on tailoring the mechanical and corrosion properties of this grade of steel by controlling the precipitation of different phases. Predicting and controlling precipitation behaviour on this grade of steel is of great importance towards producing more advanced applications using this low-cost alloy. In this study the new concept of selective-precipitation process for controlling the mechanical and corrosion behaviour of dual-phase low-alloy high-carbon steel has been introduced. We have investigated the precipitation of different phases using in-situ observation ultra-high temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy, image analyser – ImageJ, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Volume fraction of each phase including retained austenite, martensite and precipitated phases was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical corrosion test by Tafel extrapolation method and hardness performance by nanoindentation hardness measurement. The experimental results demonstrated that, by controlling the precipitations inside the matrix and at grain boundaries through heat treatment, we can increase the hardness of steel from 7.81 GPa to 11.4 GPa. Also, corrosion resistance of steel at different condition has been investigated. This new approach will open new possibility of using this low-cost steel for high performance applications.

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“…In the second stage, for longer boiling times, there is diffusion of chromium atoms from the internal grain regions towards the border zones, which were previously depleted in chromium. These zones, after the time required for the diffusion of chromium atoms to the grain boundaries, are again enriched with chromium, and when its content reaches 12.5%, they regain stability and thus become resistant to the corrosive effects of the environment [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of The Degree of Cold Work and Sensitization Time on Intergranular Corrosion Behavior in Austenitic Stainless Steel

Ławrynowicz

2019

Advances in Materials Science

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Present paper deals with the influence of a wide range of cold rolling (5, 10, 15 and maximum 40% cold deformation) and the sensitization time (aging at 700°C for 0.12, 0.5, 1, 4, 16 and 32 hours) on intergranular corrosion (IGC). Intergranular corrosion of commercial stainless steel type X6CrNiTi18-10 (1.4541, AISI 321) is frequently observed in several process environments. These localized attacks are normally attributed to the carbide precipitation and concomitant depletion of chromium near grain boundary due to steel exposure to sensitization temperature. Such undesirable microchemistry is expected to be changed further if the material undergoes deformation prior to sensitization. The consequences of deformation on IGC have been investigated by using EN ISO 3651-1methods (Huey test – Corrosion test in nitric acid medium by measurement of loss in mass). Introducing deformation to the investigated stainless steel seems to change the kinetics of carbide precipitation M23C6 and thereby changes it resistance to IGC. Cold deformation before sensitization reduces the intensity of intergranular corrosion of this steel. The deformed structure created during the cold work process, numerous slip planes and the twins boundaries are just like the grain boundaries and the places where the chromium carbides preferentially precipitates. Due to the more evenly occurring precipitation processes within the whole deformed grains, there is no phenomenon of local grain boundary carbide precipitation, and thus there is no decrease in the resistance of this steel to intergranular corrosion. The assessment of the degree of intergranular corrosion was based on the measurement of mass loss and observation of corroded surfaces on optical and electron transmission and scanning microscopes.

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Transformation of austenite during isothermal annealing at 600–900°C for heat-resistant stainless steel

Cited by 36 publications

References 23 publications

Intergranular Corrosion of AISI 304 Heat Treated at 800 °C Varying Range Times

Intergranular Corrosion of AISI 304 Heat Treated at 800 °C Varying Range Times

Effect of selective-precipitations process on the corrosion resistance and hardness of dual-phase high-carbon steel

Effect of The Degree of Cold Work and Sensitization Time on Intergranular Corrosion Behavior in Austenitic Stainless Steel

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