Transformation des relations banques / institutions de microcrédit (IMC) au Togo. Une lecture à partir des cadres théoriques de l’innovation

Abstract

L’adoption de l’approche commerciale du microcrédit, qui prend de plus en plus le dessus sur l’approche subventionnée, s’accompagne de la transformation des relations entre les banques et les institutions de microcrédit (IMC). Cette relation, quasi absente dans les premières années d’expérience du microcrédit, devient à la fois complémentaire et concurrentielle. La théorie de l’innovation est mobilisée dans cet article pour montrer que la transformation des relations banques / IMC n’est pas un paradoxe, mais une étape du processus de diffusion d’une innovation sociale ayant une forme servicielle, en l’occurrence le microcrédit. L’exemple du Togo révèle l’amorce à partir de 2005 d’une relation de complémentarité et des signes qui laissent présager une forte concurrence.Commercial approach of microcredit, which takes more and more the top on the subsidized approach, is accompanied by a transformation of banks / institutions of the microcredit (IMC) relations. This relation, which was absent in the first years of microcredit experiences, becomes nowadays more and more complementary and competitive. Innovation theory is mobilized in this paper to show that this transformation of banks / IMC relation is not a paradox but a result of diffusion process of social innovation, in fact the microcredit. The example of Togo shows that from 2005 a complementary relation starts with signs that predict a strong competition.La adopción del enfoque comercial del microcrédito, que adopta progresivamente primacía sobre el enfoque subvencionado, acompaña la transformación de las relaciones bancos / instituciones de microfinanzas (IMC). Esta relación, casi ausente en los primeros años de las experiencias de microcrédito, es a la vez complementaria y competitiva. En este artículo se ha recurrido a la teoría de la innovación para mostrar que la transformación de las relaciones bancos / IMC, no es una paradoja sino una etapa en el proceso de difusión de una innovación social que adopta una forma servicial, es decir, el microcrédito. El ejemplo de Togo muestra el inicio a partir de 2005, de una relación de complementariedad y signos que anuncian una fuerte competencia

From the top to the bottom: The global environment and microfinance institution (MFI) performance in the West African Economic and Monetary Union countries

“…As an example of financial partnerships, banks refinance MFIs since they need resources to meet the demand for credit (Couchoro, 2011; Fall, 2011). In addition, some MFIs mobilise the savings of their clients and make term deposits in bank accounts (Couchoro, 2011). Although institutions in both sectors (banks and MFIs) are complementary in some respects, they sometimes compete (Fall, 2011).…”

“…Thus, through partnerships with MFIs, banks can enter the microfinance market indirectly (while MFIs can gain access to financing) without the profitability of one set of institutions affecting that of the other. As an example of financial partnerships, banks refinance MFIs since they need resources to meet the demand for credit (Couchoro, 2011; Fall, 2011). In addition, some MFIs mobilise the savings of their clients and make term deposits in bank accounts (Couchoro, 2011).…”

“…Following the work of King and Levine (1993), Demirgüç‐Kunt and Huizinga (1999), Donou‐Adonsou and Sylwester (2017) and Bangoura et al (2016), we first rely on the growth rate of real GDP per capita ( Growth ) to capture the evolution of a country's economic activity. Second, we consider the domestic bank credit ( Domcredbank ), which constitutes a source of refinancing for MFIs (Couchoro, 2011; Fall, 2009). This measure allows us to account for the complementary or competitive relationship between MFIs and banks (Couchoro, 2011; Fall, 2009; Sodokin & Donou‐Adonsou, 2010).…”

“…Second, we consider the domestic bank credit ( Domcredbank ), which constitutes a source of refinancing for MFIs (Couchoro, 2011; Fall, 2009). This measure allows us to account for the complementary or competitive relationship between MFIs and banks (Couchoro, 2011; Fall, 2009; Sodokin & Donou‐Adonsou, 2010). This complementarity is best described not by standard microeconomics (Sodokin & Donou‐Adonsou, 2010) but rather by Fall's (2011) contribution, which expands on Richardson's (1972) approach to industrial economics using the concepts of activity, competence and technology.…”

Dialectic evolution through the social innovation process: from microcredit to microfinance

“…Microcredit is one example of a social innovation because it is an initiative taken by actors in order to provide new answers to social problems (social and financial exclusion, poverty) and a device capable of providing services to enable construction of a society with high levels of quality of life. Hence, it is also a social innovation (Assogba 2007;Couchoro 2001) in the sense of focus on being a response to social needs (Cloutier 2003). It may also impact the environment because it is focused on a local development.…”