Transformation Chlorophyll a of Spirulina platensis to Chlorin e6 Derivatives and Several Applications

Bui, Hoa Thi; Pham, Tung Thanh; Nguyen, Hien Thi Thu; Minh, Trung; Nga, Vu Thi; Bac, Nguyen Duy; Huyen, Vu Thi; Le, Hai Minh; Tran, Quang Canh

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2019.838

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A PDT based on chlorin e6 (Ce6) from Spirulina platensis not only confirmed the suppression of a mouse melanoma on the mouse left flank, but also the induction of systemic effects in non-irradiated tumors on the right flank, where no Ce6-PDT was given, by triggering an immune response [ 142 ]. A derivative of Ce6 from S. platensis , the Ce6-trimethylester, was evaluated in the potential treatment of HeLa cells, reducing cell viability after irradiation with a 650 nm laser at 1.2 J/cm 2 /min [ 143 ]. Another study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of Ce6 from S. platensis on B16F10 melanoma cells [ 144 ].…”

Section: Emerging and Innovative Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp.

Abreu¹,

Martins²

2023

Bioengineering

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Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. account for over 90% of the global microalgal biomass production and represent one of the most promising aquiculture bioeconomy systems. These microorganisms have been widely recognized for their nutritional and therapeutic properties; therefore, a significant growth of their market is expected, especially in the nutraceutical, food, and beverage segments. However, recent advancements in biotechnology and environmental science have led to the emergence of new applications for these microorganisms. This paper aims to explore these innovative applications, while shedding light on their roles in sustainable development, health, and industry. From this state-of-the art review, it was possible to give an in-depth outlook on the environmental sustainability of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. For instance, there have been a variety of studies reported on the use of these two microorganisms for wastewater treatment and biofuel production, contributing to climate change mitigation efforts. Moreover, in the health sector, the richness of these microalgae in photosynthetic pigments and bioactive compounds, along with their oxygen-releasing capacity, are being harnessed in the development of new drugs, wound-healing dressings, photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, tissue engineering, and anticancer treatments. Furthermore, in the industrial sector, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. are being used in the production of biopolymers, fuel cells, and photovoltaic technologies. These innovative applications might bring different outlets for microalgae valorization, enhancing their potential, since the microalgae sector presents issues such as the high production costs. Thus, further research is highly needed to fully explore their benefits and potential applications in various sectors.

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Section: Emerging and Innovative Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp.

Abreu¹,

Martins²

2023

Bioengineering

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“…Pigments, such as phycobylinproteins, owing to their fluorescent properties, are used as markers in biomedicine, but they also serve as dyes in the food and cosmetics industries [4]. Another group of pigments, chlorophylls, are the substrate for the synthesis of chlorites, compounds used in photodynamic therapies against cancer [5]. Their content in spirulina can be up to 1% by its dry weight [6], which is over 10 times higher than that in any land plant studied so far [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Different Drying Methods on the Metabolomic and Lipidomic Profiles of Arthrospira platensis

Mróz,

Parchem,

Jóźwik

et al. 2024

Molecules

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Drying is an inseparable part of industrial microalgae production. In this work, the impacts of eight different drying methods on the metabolome and lipidome of Arthrospira platensis were investigated. The studied drying methods were freeze drying (FD), sun drying (SD), air drying at 40 and 75 °C (AD′ and AD″), infrared drying at 40 and 75 °C (IRD′ and IRD″), and vacuum drying at 40 and 75 °C (VD′ and VD″). Results gathered by reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (RP-LC-ESI-Orbitrap HRMS/MS) analysis allowed researchers to identify a total of 316 metabolites (including lipids) in aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The compounds identified in ethanolic extracts were mainly lipids, such as neutral and polar lipids, chlorophylls and carotenoids, while the compounds identified in the aqueous extracts were mainly amino acids and dipeptides. Among the identified compounds, products of enzymatic and chemical degradation, such as pyropheophytins, monoacylglycerols and lysophosphatidylcholines were also identified and their amounts depended on the drying method. The results showed that except for FD method, recognized as a control, the most protective method was AD′. Contrary to this, VD′ and VD″, under the conditions used, promoted the most intense degradation of valuable metabolites.

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“…In this regard, Zhang’s group extracted crude chlorophyll from crude silkworm excrement and prepared Ce6 through reverse Claisen condensation, hydrolysis, and acidification [ 20 ]. In addition, the accumulated findings suggest that Ce6 was prepared by either methyl pheophorbide a ( Scheme 1 ) [ 21 , 22 , 23 ] or pheophytin a [ 24 , 25 ], which was converted from chlorophyll a. However, the method of preparing pheophytin a is much easier and the reaction is simpler to handle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Synthesis of Chlorin e6 and Its Potential Photodynamic Immunotherapy in Mouse Melanoma by the Abscopal Effect

Shrestha

Mallik

Lim

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can eradicate not only cancer cells but also stimulate an antitumor immune response. Herein, we describe two efficient synthetic methodologies for the preparation of Chlorin e6 (Ce6) from Spirulina platensis and address the phototoxic effect of Ce6 in vitro along with antitumor activity in vivo. Melanoma B16F10 cells were seeded and phototoxicity was monitored by the MTT assay. The C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously inoculated on the left and right flank with B16F10 cells. The mice were intravenously injected with Ce6 of 2.5 mg/kg and then exposed to red light (660 nm) on the left flank tumors 3 h after the injection. The immune response was studied by analyzing Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) of the right flank tumors through qPCR. Our results revealed that the tumor was suppressed not only in the left flank but also in the right flank, where no PDT was given. The upregulated gene and protein expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 revealed antitumor immunity due to Ce6-PDT. The findings of this study suggest an efficient methodology of Ce6 preparation and the efficacy of Ce6-PDT as a promising antitumor immune response.

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Transformation Chlorophyll a of Spirulina platensis to Chlorin e6 Derivatives and Several Applications

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp.

Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp.

The Impact of Different Drying Methods on the Metabolomic and Lipidomic Profiles of Arthrospira platensis

Efficient Synthesis of Chlorin e6 and Its Potential Photodynamic Immunotherapy in Mouse Melanoma by the Abscopal Effect

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