Transformation and removal pathways of four common PPCP/EDCs in soil

Abstract

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) enter the soil environment via irrigation with treated wastewater, groundwater recharge, and land application of biosolids. The transformation and fate of PPCP/EDCs in soil affects their potential for plant uptake and groundwater pollution. This study examined four PPCP/EDCs (bisphenol A, diclofenac, naproxen, and 4-nonylphenol) in soil by using 14C-labeling and analyzing mineralization, extractable residue, bound residue, and formation of transformation products. At the end of 112 d of incubation, the majority of 14C-naproxen and 14C-diclofenac was mineralized to 14CO2, while a majority of 14C-bisphenol A and 14C-nonylphenol was converted to bound residue. After 112 d, the estimated half-lives of the parent compounds were only 1.4 – 5.4 d. However a variety of transformation products were found and several for bisphenol A and diclofenac were identified, suggesting the need to consider degradation intermediates in soils impacted by PPCP/EDCs.

Plant uptake of pharmaceutical and personal care products from recycled water and biosolids: a review

“…14 C-naproxen and 14 C-diclofenac were found to be mainly (up to 50-80%) mineralized to 14 CO 2 in different soils (Dodgen et al, 2014;Topp et al, 2008), while only a small part of 14 C-carbamazepine (b1.2%) and 14 C-acetaminophen (17%) were mineralized . Some metabolites of pharmaceuticals in soils were identified by using a combination of techniques, including 14 C labeling, LC fractionation, and LC-MS/MS structural elucidation (Dodgen et al, 2014;Li et al, 2013Li et al, , 2014. It was reported that acetaminophen was rapidly converted to various metabolites in soils , while slow and limited transformation was observed for carbamazepine .…”

Sorption, photodegradation, and chemical transformation of naproxen and ibuprofen in soils and water

“…There is evidence that PhACs can be attenuated during transport by soil materials into groundwater from surface water (Bradley et al, 2014). Degradation occurring in the soil environment has been observed to result in PhAC transformation products due to chemical transformations of the parent compound (Dodgen et al, 2014;Li et al, 2014).…”

Transformation of diclofenac in hybrid biofilm–activated sludge processes

“…Studies with soil/sediment systems have found 4′-hydroxy-DCF (4HD), 5-hydroxy-DCF (5HD) and a 5HD derivative, 5HD-quinone imine (5HDQI) (Gröning et al., 2007). Another study dealing with the fate of DCF in soil identified the formation of 5HD and several isomers of dichlorobenzoic acid (Dodgen et al., 2014). The principal human metabolites of DCF are 4HD and 5HD (Stierlin et al., 1979).…”