“…These results were in agreement with those obtained from DLS and SEM. However, the sizes observed via the TEM measurements were significantly lower than those obtained using the DLS technique and similar results have been observed with other previous studies 29 – 31 . Generally, electronic images reflect the metallic centers of the particles; TEM showed the core of the NPs as the metal core 32 .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 91%
“…However, DLS-based measurements depend on the mean size hydrodynamic diameter. In addition, small aggregates in nanosuspension could also be measured, affecting the regular size distribution 31 . Figure 5 TEM images of the prepared AgNPs.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The AgNPs were then sputter-coated (Sputter coater, JOEL JFC-1300) using a thin layer of platinum in a vacuum chamber for 55 s at 25 mÅ using a coating unit to make it electrically conductive before imaging in an SEM instrument. The shape of the prepared AgNPs was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-550, Japan) 31 .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Briefly, a sample of each chemically synthesized AgNPs was mounted on a carbon-coated 300 mesh copper grid by simply dropping a very small amount of the sample on the grid, followed by drying overnight. Further, samples were examined using 10–100 K magnification microscope power and an accelerating voltage of 100 kV 31 , 65 .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, DLS-based measurements depend on the mean size hydrodynamic diameter. In addition, small aggregates in nanosuspension could also be measured, affecting the regular size distribution 31 . www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 6 shows that the Ag + content of AgNPs-CIT and AgNPs-PEG was completely released after 2.5 and 5 h, respectively.…”
The use of cellulosic polymers as efficient reducing, coating agents, and stabilizers in the formulation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antioxidant and antibacterial activity was investigated. AgNPs were synthesized using different cellulosic polymers, polyethylene glycol, and without polymers using tri-sodium citrate, for comparison. The yield, morphology, size, charge, in vitro release of silver ion, and physical stability of the resulting AgNPs were evaluated. Their antioxidant activity was measured as a scavenging percentage compared with ascorbic acid, while their antibacterial activity was evaluated against different strains of bacteria. The amount of AgNPs inside bacterial cells was quantified using an ICP-OES spectrometer, and morphological examination of the bacteria was performed after AgNPs internalization. Cellulosic polymers generated physically stable AgNPs without any aggregation, which remained physically stable for 3 months at 25.0 ± 0.5 and 4.0 ± 0.5 °C. AgNPs formulated using ethylcellulose (EC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) had significant (p ≤ 0.05; ANOVA/Tukey) antibacterial activities and lower values of MIC compared to methylcellulose (MC), PEG, and AgNPs without a polymeric stabilizer. Significantly (p ≤ 0.05; ANOVA/Tukey) more AgNPs-EC and AgNPs-HPMC were internalized in Escherichia coli cells compared to other formulations. Thus, cellulosic polymers show promise as polymers for the formulation of AgNPs with antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
“…These results were in agreement with those obtained from DLS and SEM. However, the sizes observed via the TEM measurements were significantly lower than those obtained using the DLS technique and similar results have been observed with other previous studies 29 – 31 . Generally, electronic images reflect the metallic centers of the particles; TEM showed the core of the NPs as the metal core 32 .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 91%
“…However, DLS-based measurements depend on the mean size hydrodynamic diameter. In addition, small aggregates in nanosuspension could also be measured, affecting the regular size distribution 31 . Figure 5 TEM images of the prepared AgNPs.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The AgNPs were then sputter-coated (Sputter coater, JOEL JFC-1300) using a thin layer of platinum in a vacuum chamber for 55 s at 25 mÅ using a coating unit to make it electrically conductive before imaging in an SEM instrument. The shape of the prepared AgNPs was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-550, Japan) 31 .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Briefly, a sample of each chemically synthesized AgNPs was mounted on a carbon-coated 300 mesh copper grid by simply dropping a very small amount of the sample on the grid, followed by drying overnight. Further, samples were examined using 10–100 K magnification microscope power and an accelerating voltage of 100 kV 31 , 65 .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, DLS-based measurements depend on the mean size hydrodynamic diameter. In addition, small aggregates in nanosuspension could also be measured, affecting the regular size distribution 31 . www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 6 shows that the Ag + content of AgNPs-CIT and AgNPs-PEG was completely released after 2.5 and 5 h, respectively.…”
The use of cellulosic polymers as efficient reducing, coating agents, and stabilizers in the formulation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antioxidant and antibacterial activity was investigated. AgNPs were synthesized using different cellulosic polymers, polyethylene glycol, and without polymers using tri-sodium citrate, for comparison. The yield, morphology, size, charge, in vitro release of silver ion, and physical stability of the resulting AgNPs were evaluated. Their antioxidant activity was measured as a scavenging percentage compared with ascorbic acid, while their antibacterial activity was evaluated against different strains of bacteria. The amount of AgNPs inside bacterial cells was quantified using an ICP-OES spectrometer, and morphological examination of the bacteria was performed after AgNPs internalization. Cellulosic polymers generated physically stable AgNPs without any aggregation, which remained physically stable for 3 months at 25.0 ± 0.5 and 4.0 ± 0.5 °C. AgNPs formulated using ethylcellulose (EC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) had significant (p ≤ 0.05; ANOVA/Tukey) antibacterial activities and lower values of MIC compared to methylcellulose (MC), PEG, and AgNPs without a polymeric stabilizer. Significantly (p ≤ 0.05; ANOVA/Tukey) more AgNPs-EC and AgNPs-HPMC were internalized in Escherichia coli cells compared to other formulations. Thus, cellulosic polymers show promise as polymers for the formulation of AgNPs with antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
Development of ultrathin film (utf) hydrogels for cutting‐edge biomedical applications (i.e. artificial skins) is receiving increasing attention. Nonetheless, achieving accurate control on the structure and thickness of utf‐hydrogels becomes extremely complex when assessed through conventional techniques. In this work, an atmospheric‐pressure plasma‐assisted deposition technique is reported, showing great thickness accuracy and versatility, to design utf‐hydrogels with customized properties. For the first time, specific and independent control on the generation and nature of cross‐links by only changing the plasma exposure frequency (fPE) during the synthesis process are reported. Thus, utf‐hydrogels are successfully prepared with tuned swelling ratios and viscoelastic properties (ranging from 150 to 20 kPa). Moreover, a thickness accuracy of 9 nm is reported, permitting the accurate synthesis of utf‐hydrogels below 150 nm. Exhaustive structural and topographical analyses allow elucidating the effects of the fPE on the cross‐link generation mechanism, discarding any undesired effect on the thickness accuracy. To support the structural results obtained, quartz‐crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D) coupled with spectroscopic ellipsometry are put in the spotlight as an efficient and viable alternative for the characterization of the resulting properties of ultrathin film soft materials, including the presence of a hydrated layer at the interface.
Osteoarthritis is a bone and joint condition characterized pathologically by articular cartilage degenerative damage and can develop into a devastating and permanently disabling disorder. This investigation aimed to formulate the anti-inflammatory drug lornoxicam (LOR) into bile salt–enriched vesicles loaded in an in situ forming hydrogel as a potential local treatment of osteoarthritis. This was achieved by formulating LOR-loaded bilosomes that are also loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for intra-muscular (IM) administration to improve joint targeting and localization by applying an external magnet to the joint. A 31.22 full factorial design was employed to develop the bilosomal dispersions and the optimized formula including SPION (LSB) was loaded into a thermosensitive hydrogel. Moreover, in vivo evaluation revealed that the IM administration of LSB combined with the application of an external magnet to the joint reversed carrageen-induced suppression in motor activity and osteoprotegerin by significantly reducing the elevations in mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta/osteoprotegerin expressions. In addition, the histopathological evaluation of knee joint tissues showed a remarkable improvement in the injured joint tissues. The results proved that the developed LSB could be a promising IM drug delivery system for osteoarthritis management.
Graphical Abstract
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