Transfers and transformations of zinc in constructed wetlands: Mitigation of a refinery effluent

Gillespie, William B.; Hawkins, W. B.; Rodgers, John H.; Cano, Manuel L.; Dorn, Philip B.

doi:10.1016/s0925-8574(98)00113-x

Cited by 51 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…oilwater separators, reverse osmosis and granular activated carbon (GAC) systems), hybrid CWTSs can provide effective water treatment, provided that COCs are successfully targeted through operative pathways (Murray Gulde et al 2005a;Johnson et al 2008b). CWTSs can be specifically designed based on targeted constituents and/or treatment pathways to transfer or transform those constituents (Hawkins et al 1997;Gillespie et al 1999Gillespie et al , 2000.…”

Section: Conventional Natural Gas Produced Water Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Halverson 2004). FWS CWTSs have been used for treatment of many waters, including energy derived waters, containing many different COCs (Knight et al 1999;Gillespie et al 2000;Eggert et al 2008;Johnson et al 2008b); FWS systems are generally larger than SSF systems, but usually cost less to construct and operate/maintain (Halverson 2004). Both SSF and FWS typically exhibit lower capital costs, as well as operational/maintenance costs, than conventional water treatment systems (Halverson 2004;Mooney and Murray Gulde 2008).…”

Section: Conventional Natural Gas Produced Water Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meyer). Schoenoplectus californicus was selected based on its ability to maintain reducing hydrosoil necessary for dissimilatory sulfate reduction (Josselyn et al 1990;Sinicrope et al 1992;Hawkins et al 1997;Gillespie et al 1999Gillespie et al , 2000Murray-Gulde et al 2005b) and provide a source of organic carbon (detritus) over time for an energy source for sulfate reducing microbes (Moshiri 1993;Huddleston et al 2000;Murray-Gulde et al 2005b). Schoenoplectus californicus may also provide sorption sites for LMWOs (Brix 1994).…”

Section: +2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innovative Water Management Technology to Reduce Environment Impacts of Produced Water

Castle

Rodgers

Alley

et al. 2013

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Clemson University with Chevron as an industry partner developed and applied treatment technology using constructed wetland systems to decrease targeted constituents in simulated and actual produced waters to achieve reuse criteria and discharge limits. Pilot-scale and demonstration constructed wetland treatment system (CWTS) experiments led to design strategies for treating a variety of constituents of concern (COCs) in produced waters including divalent metals, metalloids, oil and grease, and ammonia. Targeted biogeochemical pathways for treatment of COCs in pilot-scale CWTS experiments included divalent metal sulfide precipitation through dissimilatory sulfate reduction, metal precipitation through oxidation, reduction of selenite to insoluble elemental selenium, aerobic biodegradation of oil, nitrification of ammonia to nitrate, denitrification of nitrate to nitrogen gas, separation of oil using an oilwater separator, and sorption of ammonia to zeolite. Treatment performance results indicated that CWTSs can be designed and built to promote specific environmental and geochemical conditions in order for targeted biogeochemical pathways to operate. The demonstration system successfully achieved consistent removal extents even while inflow concentrations of COCs in the produced water differed by orders of magnitude. Design strategies used in the pilot-scale and demonstration CWTSs to promote specific conditions that can be applied to designing full-scale CWTSs include plant and soil selection, water-depth selection, addition of amendments, and hydraulic retention time (HRT). These strategies allow conditions within a CWTS to be modified to achieve ranges necessary for the preferred biogeochemical treatment pathways. In the case of renovating a produced water containing COCs that require different biogeochemical pathways for treatment, a CWTS can be designed with sequential cells that promote different conditions. For example, the pilot-scale CWTS for post-reverse osmosis produced water was designed to promote oxidizing conditions within the first wetland cell for nitrification of ammonia, and the subsequent three cells were designed to promote reducing conditions for denitrification of nitrate. By incorporating multiple wetland cells in a CWTS, the conditions within each cell can be modified for removal of specific COCs. In addition, a CWTS designed with multiple cells allows for convenient sample collection points so that biogeochemical conditions of individual cells can be monitored and performance evaluated. Removal rate coefficients determined from the pilot-scale CWTS experiments and confirmed by the demonstration system can be used to calculate HRTs required to treat COCs in full-scale CWTSs. The calculated HRTs can then be used to determine the surface area or "footprint" of a full-size CWTS for a given inflow rate of produced water.

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Section: Conventional Natural Gas Produced Water Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conventional Natural Gas Produced Water Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: +2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innovative Water Management Technology to Reduce Environment Impacts of Produced Water

Castle

Rodgers

Alley

et al. 2013

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“…Principles of natur wetlands will be applied to constructing a treatment system designed to ensure the desired reactions at predictable rates. This is a proven approach and has been used successfully for treatment of various waste fluids, including refinery effluent and brines produced from oilfields (e.g., Moshiri, 1993;Hawkins et al, 1997;Gillespie et al, 2000;Huddleston et al, 2000;M et al, 2001, Murray-Gulde, 2003 …”

Section: Aste Treatment and Green House Gas Emissions Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fracture Dissolution of Carbonate Rock: An Innovative Process for Gas Storage

Castle¹,

Falta²,

Bruce³

et al. 2006

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The goal of the project is to develop and assess the feasibility and economic viability of an innovative concept that may lead to commercialization of new gas-storage capacity near major markets. The investigation involves a new approach to developing underground gas storage in carbonate rock, which is present near major markets in many areas of the United States. Because of the lack of conventional gas storage and the projected growth in demand for storage capacity, many of these areas are likely to experience shortfalls in gas deliverability. Since depleted gas reservoirs and salt formations are nearly non-existent in many areas, alternatives to conventional methods of gas storage are required. The need for improved methods of gas storage, particularly for ways to meet peak demand, is increasing. Gas-market conditions are driving the need for higher deliverability and more flexibility in injection/withdrawal cycling. In order to meet these needs, the project involves an innovative approach to developing underground storage capacity by creating caverns in carbonate rock formations by acid dissolution. The basic concept of the aciddissolution method is to drill to depth, fracture the carbonate rock layer as needed, and then create a cavern using an aqueous acid to dissolve the carbonate rock.Assessing feasibility of the acid-dissolution method included a regional geologic investigation. Data were compiled and analyzed from carbonate formations in six states: Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York. To analyze the requirements for creating storage volume, the following aspects of the dissolution process were examined: weight and volume of rock to be dissolved; gas storage pressure, temperature, and volume at depth; rock solubility; and acid costs. Hydrochloric acid was determined to be the best acid to use because of low cost, high acid solubility, fast reaction rates with carbonate rock, and highly soluble products (calcium chloride) that allow for the easy removal of calcium waste from the well. Physical and chemical analysis of core samples taken from prospective geologic formations for the acid dissolution process confirmed that many of the limestone samples readily dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Further, some samples contained oily residues that may help to seal the walls of the final cavern structure. These results suggest that there exist carbonate rock formations well suited for the dissolution technology and that the presence of inert impurities had no noticeable effect on the dissolution rate for the carbonate rock.A sensitivity analysis was performed for characteristics of hydraulic fractures induced in carbonate formations to enhance the dissolution process. Multiple fracture simulations were conducted using modeling software that has a fully 3-D fracture geometry package. The simulations, which predict the distribution of fracture geometry and fracture conductivity, show that the stress difference between adjacent beds is the physical property of the f...

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“…Most studies of heavy metal treatment in constructed wetland systems have examined heavily contaminated wastewater from mine drainage and industries -232 - (Gillespie et al, 2000;Mays and Edwards, 2001). There have been few studies on the removal of heavy metals from wastewaters containing low concentrations of these metals, such as domestic wastewater, by constructed wetland systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior of Zinc in a Constructed Wetland System Receiving Domestic Wastewater

Abe

Ookuma²,

Komada

et al. 2010

J. of Wat. & Envir. Tech.

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In Japan, environmental quality standards for Zn pollution were enacted recently because of the toxicity of Zn to aquatic ecosystems. A free-water-surface constructed wetland (500 m 2 ) planted with Zizania latifolia Turcz. received secondary-treated wastewater from a dormitory (60 to 100 residents) at the Koibuchi College of Agriculture and Nutrition in Japan, to remove nutrient salts before the discharge of the water to a pond for agricultural use. We examined the removal efficiencies of Zn and its behavior in this constructed wetland within 3 years and discussed the mechanism of Zn removal. The constructed wetland was effective in treating wastewater with low Zn concentrations. The T-Zn concentration in secondary-treated domestic wastewater (average T-Zn: 0.048 mg/L) decreased by 51% during passage through the constructed wetland. Most of the dissolved Zn was removed, but only a little particulate Zn was removed. The increase in Zn concentration in the wetland soil corresponded to 69.8% of the Zn removed by the wetland. However, the amount of Zn accumulated in the aboveground parts of Z. latifolia corresponded to only 9.8% of the Zn removed by the wetland. Thus, Zn was removed mainly by adsorption onto the wetland soil, including soil particles and organic matter.Keywords: constructed wetland, domestic wastewater, secondary-treated, soil, Zizania latifolia, Zn INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental quality standards for zinc (Zn) pollution were recently enacted in Japan because of the toxicity of Zn to aquatic ecosystems. These standards have been set at 0.03 mg/L for Zn in rivers and lakes and 2 mg/L in wastewater. Zn is used in various human activities, and the sources of Zn loading in the aquatic environment are quite varied. Zinc is an essential micronutrient for mammals, and many foods contain it. Some commodities such as shampoos and cosmetics also contain Zn. Nakanishi et al. (2008) estimated that, in Japan, 468 t/year of Zn is loaded from domestic wastewater to the aquatic environment and 1172 t/year is loaded from domestic wastewater to sewage treatment systems. The Zn load from factories to the aquatic environment was estimated to be 700 t/year. Domestic wastewater is therefore a major source of Zn pollution of aquatic ecosystems.

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Transfers and transformations of zinc in constructed wetlands: Mitigation of a refinery effluent

Cited by 51 publications

References 4 publications

Innovative Water Management Technology to Reduce Environment Impacts of Produced Water

Innovative Water Management Technology to Reduce Environment Impacts of Produced Water

Fracture Dissolution of Carbonate Rock: An Innovative Process for Gas Storage

Behavior of Zinc in a Constructed Wetland System Receiving Domestic Wastewater

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