Transfer of Toxicants from Exposed Nymphs of the Drywood Termite <I>Incisitermes snyderi</I> (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) to Unexposed Nestmates

Abstract

Two formulations of spinosad (NAF-85 and NAF-371) were evaluated to determine the effect of concentration, deposit condition (dried, wet, or topical), and exposure time (0.1-10 h) for toxicant transfer among nestmates in the drywood termite Incisitermes snyderi (Light). Spinosad treatments were compared with two formulations of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) (10% aqueous dilution, 98% dust) and with 35% calcium arsenate dust. Termites were dyed and individually exposed to different treatments for 0.1, 1.5,1.0, 5.0, 10.0 h, or 0.1 and 1.0 h (DOT and calcium arsenate dust) and then placed with 10 unmarked, untreated nestmates in a petri dish. Spinosad formulations also were evaluated by topical application to dyed termites. Transfer of lethal doses of toxicants between termites was indicated by significant mortality of untreated termites in 25 of 28 treatments by 28 d after introduction of dyed, treated termites. Only three treatments, one spinosad treatment (NAF-371, wet, 1 h) and both DOT 10% solution treatments, resulted in mortality of untreated termites that was not significantly different than that of water-treated controls. Two spinosad treatments and both calcium arsenate dust treatments resulted in >90% (94-98%) mortality of untreated termites by 28 d after introduction. Mortality of untreated termites was significantly different from controls for the two spinosad formulations, depending on condition of deposit and duration of dyed termite exposure to treatments.

Activity of Bifenthrin, Chlorfenapyr, Fipronil, and Thiamethoxam Against Argentine Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

“…Horizontal activity occurs through contact between treated and untreated individuals (Ferster et al 2001, Ibrahim et al 2003, Shelton and Grace 2003, cannibalism (Smith and Lockwood 2003), contact with contaminated surfaces (Buczkowski and Schal 2001), and trophallaxis (Banks et al 1978, Knight and Rust 1991, Hooper-Bù i and Rust 2000. Although many studies have examined horizontal activity due to trophallaxis as it relates to baiting, other forms of horizontal activity have not been as widely studied in ants.…”

Transfer of Chlorfenapyr Among Workers of <I>Reticulitermes flavipes</I> (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the Laboratory

“…The possibility for movement of termiticides from treated to untreated individuals is supported for a few compounds investigated (Ferster et al 2001, Thorne and Breisch 2001, Ibrahim et al 2003, Shelton and Grace 2003, Hu et al 2005. In these investigations, neonicotinoid (imidacloprid), Þprole (Þpronil), oxadiazine (indoxacarb), and spinosyn (spinosad) compounds as well as calcium arsenate dust (Ferster et al 2001) have resulted in signiÞcant mortality of untreated subterranean or drywood termites in the laboratory.…”

“…In these investigations, neonicotinoid (imidacloprid), Þprole (Þpronil), oxadiazine (indoxacarb), and spinosyn (spinosad) compounds as well as calcium arsenate dust (Ferster et al 2001) have resulted in signiÞcant mortality of untreated subterranean or drywood termites in the laboratory. Repellent termiticides, such as permethrin, do not exhibit this trait (Shelton et al 2005).…”

Comparison of Localized Injections of Spinosad and Selected Insecticides for the Control of <I>Cryptotermes brevis</I> (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in Naturally Infested Structural Mesocosms

“…Although many technologies, such as heat (Lewis andHaverty 1996, Woodrow andGrace 1998), cold, electricity, and microwaves (Lewis andHaverty 1996, Lewis andHaverty 2001) have been developed, chemical treatments are still most commonly used for localized control of drywood termites (Lewis 2003). Recent reviews by Lewis (2003) and Su and Scheffrahn (2000) summarize much of the efÞcacy data for the various chemistries, whereas recent studies include those by Ferster et al (2001) and Scheffrahn et al (1997Scheffrahn et al ( , 1998. Although insecticides are sometimes applied directly to the wood surface, intragallery injections are generally more efÞcacious (Scheffrahn et al 1998Ferster et al 2001).…”

“…Recent reviews by Lewis (2003) and Su and Scheffrahn (2000) summarize much of the efÞcacy data for the various chemistries, whereas recent studies include those by Ferster et al (2001) and Scheffrahn et al (1997Scheffrahn et al ( , 1998. Although insecticides are sometimes applied directly to the wood surface, intragallery injections are generally more efÞcacious (Scheffrahn et al 1998Ferster et al 2001). …”