Transfer of PCDD/PCDF from contaminated soils into carrots, lettuce and peas

Contamination and Distribution of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in Agriculture Fields in Ya-Er Lake Area, China

“…Plant uptake studies with 2,3,7,8-TCDD in growth chambers and 1,2,3,4-TCDD in greenhouse have demonstrated that volatilization from soil, rather than root uptake and translocation, is the main pollution source in plants (McCrady et al, 1990;Bacci et al, 1992). However, results of recently reported "eld studies indicate that under outdoor conditions volatilization is of minor importance (Prinz et al, 1991;HuK lster and Marschner, 1993;MuK ller et al, 1994). Atmospheric deposition may be the main source of PCDD/F pollution for rice grain growing in mud.…”

“…PCDD/F concentrations in plants were not correlated to the level of soil contamination, suggesting that atmospheric deposition might be the main source of PCDD/Fs in plants. In soils, the extremely hydrophobic substances, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, are very immobile and thus are not readily available for root adsorption or subsequent uptake MuK ller et al, 1994;Fries, 1995). Transport of PCDD/Fs within plants is considered to be unlikely, even over long time intervals Alcock and Jones, 1996).…”

Exposure assessment at a PCDD/F contaminated site in Sweden—field measurements of exposure media and blood serum analysis

“…The PCDD/F concentrations in root crops from the resident garden were up to 20 times higher than Swedish reference concentrations for carrots (see Table 3). It is well known that carrots hyperaccumulate PCDD/Fs (Schroll and Schneuert 1993;Müller et al 1994;Engwall and Hjelm 2000). On the other hand, several studies have pointed out that hydrophobic compounds are mainly accumulated in the peel of root crops (Hülster and Marschner 1993;Müller et al 1994;Zohair et al 2006).…”

“…It is well known that carrots hyperaccumulate PCDD/Fs (Schroll and Schneuert 1993;Müller et al 1994;Engwall and Hjelm 2000). On the other hand, several studies have pointed out that hydrophobic compounds are mainly accumulated in the peel of root crops (Hülster and Marschner 1993;Müller et al 1994;Zohair et al 2006). The root crops in the current study were not peeled before analysis, and it is likely that peeled carrots and potatoes contain lower levels of PCDD/Fs than those reported in Table 3.…”

Assessing infant exposure to persistent organic pollutants via dietary intake in Australia

“…Poultry and meat, especially free-ranged, may be exposed by eating from contaminated soils (Schoeters and Hoogenboom 2006), while fruit and vegetables may be contaminated via the atmosphere-plant-food chain pathway (Yang et al 2007) and/or via soil uptake (Muller et al 1994). …”