Transfer of Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Toxic Elements from Soil to Grapes to White Wines in Uncontaminated Vineyards

Abstract

Wine is a popular beverage and may be a source of nutrient and toxic elements during human consumption. Here, we explored the variation in nutrient and toxic elements from soils to grape berries and commercial white wines (Chardonnay) at five USA vineyards (New York, Vermont, California, Virginia) with strongly contrasting geology, soils, and climates. Samples were analyzed for macronutrients (Ca, K, and Mg), micronutrients (Mn, Cu, and Zn), and toxic elements (As, Cd, and Pb). Our study showed contrasting macronutrient, micronutrient, and toxic element concentrations in soils and in vines, leaves, and grapes. However, plant tissue concentrations did not correspond with total soil concentrations, suggesting a disconnect governing their accumulation. Bioconcentration factors for soil to grape berry transfer suggest the accumulation of Ca, K and Mg in berries while Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb were generally not accumulated in our study or in previous studies. Wines from the five vineyards studied had comparable nutrient, micronutrient, and toxic metal concentrations as wines from Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Croatia, Czech Republic, and Japan. The transfer of nutrients and toxic elements from grape berries to wine indicated that only Ca, K, and Mg were added or retained while concentrations of all other micronutrients and toxic elements were somewhat to extensively diminished. Thus, there appears to be a substantial effect on the geochemistry of the wine from the grape from either the fermentation process (i.e., flocculation), or a dilution effect. We conclude that soils, geology, and climate do not appear to generate a unique geochemical terroir as the transfer and concentration of inorganic nutrients appear to be comparable across strongly contrasting vineyards. This has several implications for human health. Nutrients in wine have potential impacts for human nutrition, as wine can meet or exceed the recommended dietary requirements of Ca, K, Mg, and Fe, and toxic metals As and Pb concentrations were also non-trivial.

Evaluating the Chemical Hazards in Wine Production Associated with Climate Change

“…Even the mycotoxins, contaminants, and residues correlated strongly with environmental conditions [ 44 , 45 ] and were directly involved in grapevine proprieties. The implications of drought events are associated with differences in the accumulation of microelements, macroelements, and toxic elements in wine [ 46 ].…”

Analysis of Vine Nutrition and Productivity Based on Statistical Indicators

“…Varied and contrasting concentrations of macroelements (K, Ca and Mg), microelements (Mn, Cu and Zn) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd and As) have been found in vine leaves and grapes in relation to those in the soil by the authors of [7]. Based on the differences in the recorded concentrations (bioconcentrations for K, Ca and Mg; no accumulation was found for microelements), the authors considered a possible "disconnection" in the process of accumulation of the studied elements.…”

“…Starting from the potential of vines (leaves, grapes and wine) as a source of nutrients in the human diet, Richardson et al (2021) [7] analyzed the content of mineral elements in leaves, grapes and wine from five vineyards in the USA under differing soil and climate conditions. Transfer factors in the soil-plant relationship and bioconcentration indicated the accumulation of some elements (K, Ca and Mg) in the fruits, while other elements did not accumulate (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb).…”